1. Immigrants or citizens? Distinguishing immigrant settlement areas from ethnically diverse residential areas Ludi Simpson BSPS Annual Conference Manchester, 10-12 th September 2008 www.ccsr.ac.uk www.ccsr.ac.uk/research/mrpd

2. Are ethnic concentrations and immigrant integration related? Academic history and theory –Enclaves and ghettos: do not depend on international migration –Immigrant integration: does not depend on geographical de-concentration Political and common views –The pace of immigration has created such large concentrations of immigrants that there remain culturally separate enclaves which cannot integrate

3. Current knowledge Evidence of settlement patterns –Some areas receive more immigration, than others –Central city, cheaper housing, employment- led regions Evidence of dispersal –Internal movement of minorities is away from areas of highest concentration of minorities

4. Census data to measure three different concepts of ‘immigrant’ The event of immigration ( ?) –Immigrated to UK in year before census A person who has immigrated in their lifetime ( ?) –Born outside UK A person whose recent ancestors have immigrated (x?) –Ethnic groups other than White British

5. Questions How closely correlated are the geography of immigration, life-time migrants, and ethnicity? Can ‘immigrant settlement areas’ be measured by ‘concentrations of minority ethnic groups’? Can one group’s ‘settlement area’ be an area to which another group disperses?

6. Geography of immigration and ethnic group Immigration 2000-01 as % of group's local 2001 population Minorities White Areas allocated to deciles of increasing % minorities 175,434 OAs 1 Lowest % minorities (1%)2.8%0.3% 23.3%0.6% 33.6%1.1% 43.6%1.6% 53.1%1.7% 62.5%1.7% 71.8%1.3% 81.7%1.1% 91.5%1.0% 10 Highest % minorities (85%)1.2%1.0% 2001 Census, table KS24

7. Recent immigration, birthplace, and ethnic group: Geographies from 2001 census (2001 5% SAM) Immigrated last year Immigrated before last year Ethnic group total sample(=100%) Concen -trationOther Concen -trationOther Concen- trationOther White British.03%.05%1.4%2.1%1,136,1391,138,393 White Irish.21%.16%1.8%1.6%16,02216,104 Other White10.52%9.55%73.0%66.4%33,52533,964 Indian1.22%2.44%52.4%51.1%24,81926,874 Pakistani.94%1.42%41.9%45.4%17,61018,209 Bangladeshi.64%.86%53.6%53.4%7,6356,379 Caribbean.45%.77%40.3%42.4%14,12313,859 African1.7%4.76%61.6%64.2%12,21411,523 Chinese5.95%5.54%66.3%64.0%5,6485,505 Other8.45%14.53%74.1%71.4%5,5395,518

8. Correlations of group immigration with group population born in UK Lifetime immigration 2000-01 immigration White British-0.314-0.200 Irish0.481-0.069 Other White0.8030.577 Mixed White/Black0.695-0.056 Mixed Other0.8290.302 Indian0.9560.638 Pakistani0.9860.751 Bangladeshi0.9970.924 Other Asian0.9240.289 Caribbean0.9830.492 African0.9830.805 Chinese0.8330.276 Other0.9080.610 Unit: local authority Variables each expressed as % of local authority total population Source: SAM 5% sample from 2001 census

9. Three approaches to distinguish a) minority immigrant settlement areas, b) immigrant dispersal areas, c) other areas Measurement of current minority population a)High minority population now, 2001 b)Moderate minority population now, 2001 Measurement of change in minority population a)High past minority population, in 1991 b)Other areas, with fastest absolute growth of minority population, 1991-2001 Direct measurement of migration (C0772) a)Highest past minority immigration, NCWP 1961- 1971 or non-White 1990-91 (45 districts) b)Other areas, currently gaining minorities through internal migration, of 20+ in 2000-01 (139 districts)

10. Three classifications of settlement/dispersal/other districts

12. Agreement between three approaches for specific districts Settlement areas –full agreement for 37 of 45 Birmingham, Blackburn, Bradford, Coventry, Kirklees, Leicester, Luton, Manchester, Nottingham, Sandwell, Slough, Wolverhampton and 25 London Boroughs –Walsall, Bolton, Cardiff, Leeds, Sheffield, Newcastle had high 1961- 1971 minority immigration, but not so high ethnic concentration in 1991 or 2001. –Preston, Pendle, Watford, Barking, Oadby-Wigston, City of London had high 2001 minority concentration in 2001, but not so high 1961-71 immigration Dispersal areas –full agreement for 69 of 139 –Peterborough, Gloucester: middling concentrations with high minority growth 91-01, but not internal minority migration gain 2000-01. Other areas –full agreement for 123 of 192

14. Can the same district play both roles: settlement and dispersal? Neither settlement (>200 immigrants 2000-01) nor dispersal (>50 net internal migration) for any group (282 out of 376 Districts) Immigration >200 for one group only (11 districts) BradfordPakistani658-18 LambethBlack African413-618 Immigration >200 for 2+ groups (3 districts) BrentBlack African432-435 BrentIndian908-543 Net internal migration >50 for one group only (39 districts) Oadby and WigstonIndian4964 Reigate and BansteadBlack Caribbean2151 BexleyBlack African92377

15. Net internal migration >50 for 2+ groups (39 districts) Barking and DagenhamBangladeshi554 Barking and DagenhamBlack African167744 Barking and DagenhamBlack Caribbean23159 Barking and DagenhamPakistani3384 SuttonBlack African8093 SuttonBlack Caribbean38103 SuttonIndian9592 SuttonPakistani15109 Settlement some groups, dispersal others (8 districts) SheffieldBlack African32812 SheffieldChinese32416 SheffieldIndian160239

16. Both settlement and dispersal for same group(s) (4 districts) GreenwichBlack African457440 ManchesterBlack African463203 ManchesterChinese438177 ManchesterIndian282213 ManchesterPakistani29184 Mixture of settlement, dispersal and dual roles (15 districts) Leicester UABlack African414238 Leicester UAIndian850-150 Leicester UAPakistani7976 BirminghamBlack African656197 BirminghamBlack Caribbean264-110 BirminghamChinese42746 BirminghamIndian496-204 BirminghamPakistani872-9

17. Answers How closely correlated are the geography of immigration, life-time migrants, and ethnicity? –Strongly when absolute numbers are considered. –Minority immigration is proportionally less to concentrations than to other areas. Can ‘immigrant settlement areas’ be measured by ‘concentrations of minority ethnic groups’? –Fairly closely but some exceptions (Barking; Oadby) –Geographical scale to be investigated Can one group’s ‘settlement area’ be an area to which another group disperses? –Yes –Far more nuanced interpretations are possible, and necessary when particular places are referred to

18. Geography of immigration and ethnic group Immigration 2000-01 as % of group's local 2001 population Immigration intoMinorities White areas allocated to deciles of increasing % minorities 175434 OAs 8850 wards 175434 OAs 8850 wards 1 Lowest % minorities2.8%3.4%0.3% 23.3%3.9%0.6% 33.6% 1.1%0.9% 43.6%3.0%1.6%1.3% 53.1%2.6%1.7%1.6% 62.5%2.3%1.7%1.6% 71.8%1.6%1.3% 81.7%1.6%1.1%1.3% 91.5%1.6%1.0%1.1% 10 Highest % minorities1.2%1.4%1.0%1.1% 2001 Census, table KS24