2. Tiktaalik roseae
Edward B. Daeschler, Neil H. Shubin and Farish A. Jenkins, Jr (6 April 2006). A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan. Nature 440: 757–763. DOI: /nature04639.

4. III. Amphibian evolution - Lissamphibia

5. A. Synapomorphies of Lissamphibia
Hearing apparatus: Stapes is directed dorsolaterally from the fenestra ovalis & operculum present (caecilians?)
Articular surface of the atlas is convex
Exocipital bones have a suture articulation to the dermal roofing bones
Hand has 4 digits and foot has 5 digits

6. B. Extinct tetrapods and their relationship to Lissamphibia???
Late Carboniferous – “explosion of tetrapod diversity”
Lepospondyls & Temnospondyls (>200 genera), all taxa are highly derived when they first appear in the fossil record (no intermediates)
Lissamphibians in whole, or part could be most closely related to either of these groups

7. 1). Lepospondyls – Mississippian to lower Permian, 60 genera
lack an otic notch
they lack labyrinthine infolding in the teeth
the centrum of lepospondyls is large and cylindrical
usually have a single central element (at least in the presacral series),
There are 4 major groups of lepospondyls: Aïstopoda, Nectridea, Microsauria, and Lysorophidae.

8. 2. Temnospondyls – Mississippian to lower Jurassic
Bipartite vertebral centrum
labyrinthodont teeth (sharp, pointed teeth with a complex folding of the wall of the pulp cavity)

9. Triadobatrachus – 245mya
Virealla,
190 mya

10. Hypothesis 1

11. Hypothesis 2

12. C. Within Amphibia, what is the correct phylogeny?
Uncertainty derives from the long time gap between the potential Temnospondyl ancestors in the upper Carboniferous and the occurrence of all 3 extant groups in the early to middle Jurassic.

14. D. Extant amphibians pair of sensory papillae
two sound transmission channels in the inner ear (stapes-basilar papilla channel & opercular-amphibian papilla)
specialized visual cells
presence of 2 types of skin glands
fat bodies that develop from the germinal ridge of the embryo and retain an association w/the gonads in adults

17. IV. Evolution of reptiles

18. A. Reptiles – life on land
specific events occurring during the Carboniferous period ( mya) – ability to live on land totally…

20. B. Necessary steps leading up to the amniotic egg

21. New Extra-embryonic Membranes
amnion
innermost membrane
encloses embryo in amniotic fluid
supports body in fluid for normal development
allantois
storage sac for nitrogenous wastes off of cloaca
protects embryos from toxic buildup
parts of it may fuse with chorion
chorion
outermost membrane encloses all others + embryo
chorioallantois membrane - merger forms a vascularized gas exchange membrane attached to egg shell or to a placenta

22. C. Some synapomorphies of amniota
embryonic membranes (amnion, chorion, allantois, yolk sac)
Scaled skin –cutaneious respiration
Complete Rib Cage – signals the use of a thoracic respiratory pump for ventilation of the lungs (nolonger buccal pump)
Change in vertebral structure – more robust supporting arch
Pleurocentrum becomes main component, neural archers broaden

23. Ancestor to the amniotes, primarily aquatic…
Anthracosauria
Ancestor to the amniotes, primarily aquatic…
Possess features present in amniotes but not in later amphibians, highly aquatic.

24. Probably sister taxa to Amniotes & Amphibia

25. Synapormorphies of extant Reptilia

27. Anapsids: Testudines (Chelonia)
Sauropterygia – sister taxa to turtles???
Molecular evidence supports this hypothesis

28. Diapsids Lepidosauromorpha Archosauromorpha Rynocephalia Squamata
Archosauria