1. Better Terrestrial living – origin of the amniotes Part 7

2. Amniotes Amphibians 2 terrestrial tetrapod groups

4. Amniotes reptile/bird, mammal + (many extinct things ) (Lepospondyli) 1.

5. Temnospondyli 2. Amphibians + (many) extinct things

6. Amniota

7. lobe-fin fish †early tetrapods: labyrinthodonts, ichthyostegans, “fish-o-pods” Lepospondyli, †Anthracosaurs Amnoita Temnospondyli Class Amphibia † various dead ends

8. not quite amniotes Lepospondyli, †Anthracosaurs

9. Amnoita

10. Amnoita (living)

11. Deriving Amniotes

12. Carboniferous – warm and wet

13. Carboniferous – “amphibian” paradise

14. Permian – cooler and drier

15. Paleozoic is the age of fishes and “amphibians”

16. Post-Paleozoic is the age of amniotes

17. Amnoita

18. Patterns in Skull Evolution

20. Pre-Amniote /early amniote Captorhinus

21. Captorhinus aguti Pre-Amniote / early amniote

22. Early Amniote

23. anapsid Skulls Pre- & early Amniote

24. Anapsid Pre- & early Amniote Captorhinus aguti jaw muscles

25. Jaw muscles

26. anapsid skull and jaw muscles (beneath skull bones) pre-amniote / early amniote

27. anapsid skull and jaw muscles pre-amniote Anapsid condition

28. amniote foramen pre-amniote Anapsid condition Synapsid condition

29. Proto-mammal Modern mammal

30. Skull re-arranged to accommodate jaw muscles Old NEW

31. Anapsid Diapsid Skulls Re-arranged to accommodate jaw muscles

32. No foramen foramena present diapsid – 2 openings anapsid

33. Early diapsid Petrolacosaurus

34. Anapsid Synapsid Skulls Re-arranged to accommodate jaw muscles

35. No foramen foramen present Synapsid – 1 opening anapsid

36. Early synapsid Eothyris

37. Anapsid Diapsid Synapsid

38. Synapsida Diapsida

39. Anapsid Diapsid Synapsid

40. Anapsid Diapsid Synapsid Amniote ancestor Mammals and ancestors Reptiles, birds, dinosaurs, etc.

42. Anapsid anamniotes, stem amniotes

43. Synapsid

44. Dimetrodon

45. Synapsid Modern mammal

46. orbit fenestra joined with orbit Modern mammal Synapsid

47. Diapsid

48. orbit

49. Diapsid tuatara orbit

50. Diapsid Modern Lizard

51. Diapsid Modern snake

52. Diapsid Modern bird orbit

53. Diapsid Mesozoic reptile orbit

54. Turtles

55. are diapsids with a (secondarily acquired) anapsid skull

56. Fenestration

57. Clear proof of diapsids on Mars NASA Photos

58. As seen on the internet

59. Moving away from water

60. Amniotic Egg

62. Fish Amphibian Amniote

63. Internal Fertilization

64. No more gill breathing – even in larvae amphibian larvae

65. Body covering Dry and dead

66. Amniote skin

67. Scales …. Not all the same

68. Scales fish scales = dermal amniote scales = epidermal

69. Keratin present in anamniotes – but not widely employed

70. Respiration

71. Anamniotes – Positive Pressure Breathing

72. Amniotes – negative pressure breathing

73. Amniotes – No more cutaneous respiration

74. Jaw rearrangements

75. amphibians lungs lungs and gills gills

76. Circulation lungs amphibiansreptiles lungs and gills

77. Osmotic balance and waste elimination evolution of kidneys

78. Locomotion

79. Lobe fin fish

80. Senses

81. The big split anapsid anamniote synapsid diapsid

82. The big split

84. Synapsid lineage

85. Diapsid radiation

86. Endothermy

87. Greater Mobility

88. Higher metabolism More heat generation better respiration better circulation heat conservation / utilization waste heat elimination diet / digestion

89. What do we do with the heat?

90. Diet

91. Respiration

92. Circulation