1. by African Americans in Science
Visions to Inventions
by African Americans in Science
By: Joshua Seals, Michelle Jones, Ariassa Wilson, and Noli James 1 1

2. Percy Lavon Julian Born April 11th, 1899 Montgomery Alabama(1899-1975)
African American Chemist
Isolated and experimented simple compounds in natural products that changed into chemicals of importance to life
Synthesized progesterone and testosterone 2 2

3. Education Graduated from the State Normal School for Negroes in 1916
Graduated Phi Beta Kappa and was valedictorian of the class of DePauw University
In 1923, he received a master's degree in chemistry at Harvard University
Earned a Ph. D. in organic chemistry in 1931 from the University of Vienna 3 3

4. Accomplishments
Was named “Chicago's Man of the Year” (1950) by the Jaycees and Chicago Sun-Times
Artificially created physostigmine
Became director of chemicals development of the Glidden Company in Chicago
Refined a soya protein (became Aero-Foam) 4 4

5. Otis Boykin ~1920-1982~ Inventor & Engineer
EDUCATION
WORK
Fisk University- (graduated 1941)
Institute of Technology (Chicago, Illinois)
Laboratory Assistant
Testing automatic controls for aircraft with the Majestic Radio and TV Corporation in Chicago.
Research engineer with the P.J. Nilsen Research Laboratories.
Develop his own business a founded Boykin-Fruth, Incorporated.

6. Inventions The Resistor Pacemaker What is a pacemaker?
What it did- Improved computers, radios, and televisions used in guided missiles.
What is a resistor?- An electronic component used to slow the flow of an electrical
A chemical air filter
A burglarproof cash register
Resistor of all resistors! Cheaper to build made, able to hold up against extreme changes in temperature
Control unit for the pacemaker that stimulate s the heart and create a steady heartbeat
What is a pacemaker?
The device uses electrical impulses to maintain a steady heartbeat (black inventors)
Used all over the world, helping keep people alive such as Lance Armstrong
Unfortunately Otis died of heart complications

7. Accomplishments
Received a patent for a wire precision resistor on June 16, used for televisions and radios
Received orders from consumer electronics manufacturers, the United States military and electronics behemoth IBM.
1964, Boykin lived in Paris, inventing electronic innovations for a new crowd of customers.
Most famous for pace maker component.
He among others are proof that hard work makes dreams come true!

8. George Washington Carver 1860– 1943
US agricultural chemist
Advocated the diversification of crops
Promoted peanut production
Pioneer in the field of plastics 8

9. Education George Washington Carver
Enrolled at Simpson College to study piano and art
Transferred to State Agricultural College, Ames, IA
Earned Bachelor of Agriculture Degree at Ames
Appointed member of faculty, Iowa State College
Earned Master of Agriculture Degree, Iowa State College
Went to Tuskegee Institute and became Agriculture Director 9

10. Research George Washington Carver
soil analysis, crop management, control of plant diseases
promoted soil diversification and adoption of peanuts, soybeans, and other soil-enriching crops
developed 108 products using sweet potatoes, 325 products using peanuts, and 75 products using pecans
came up with a process for creating a plastic material from soybeans
responsible for the invention in 1927 of a process for producing paints and stains from soybeans 10

11. Born in Charleston, South Carolina into poor family
1883 – 1941
Born in Charleston, South Carolina into poor family
American biologist, zoologist, & physiologist
Performed pioneering research in fertilization, experimental parthenogenesis, and cell physiology
Made many discoveries relating to cell behavior 11

12. Education & Achievements
1907: Graduated from Dartmouth University with a B.A. in Biology and minored in Greek and history. Graduated Magna cum lade.
1909: Began teaching at Howard University in Washington, D.C.
Conducted research at Marine Biology Laboratory in Woods Hill, Massachusetts.
1915: First recipient of The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People’s Spingarn Medal.
1916: First African American to receive Ph. D degree in experimental embryology at University of Chicago. Graduated magna cum lade.
1938: Just was invited to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin.
Due to the time, struggled with racism, funding, discrimination due to being an black scientist. 12

13. Accomplishments
Made leeway in research of fundamental problems in cell biology, specifically parthenogenesis.
Studied Morphology, and how living cells reproduce themselves
Successfully challenged Jacques Loeb's theory of artificial parthenogenesis. Just came to the conclusions:
Cells performing asexual fertilization do so naturally; the ectoplasm of the cell contains all tools needed.
Lab factors for egg experimentation should be as close as possible to those found in nature.
Further led to his conclusion, that in any species the eggs’ structure was just as important as any external factor for development.
Published his work Basic Methods for Experiments on Eggs of Marine Animals. This work created new scientific area: ecological developmental biology.
His research on marine invertebrates was well respected, and he was considered an authority .
1939: Published The Biology of the Cell Surface, which argues how life is derived from complex organic structure. 13

14. References
Internet: Julian Retrieved- January 22, 2010
Internet:
rcy-lavon-julian-woi/
Retrieved- January 22, 2010 14 14

15. References (pt.2)
Internet: images/julianc.jpg Retrieved- January 26, 2010
Internet: mages/DrPercyJulian01.jpg Retrieved- January 26, 2010
Internet: /hand_diploma.jpg Retrieved- February 1, 2010 15

16. References (pt.3) http://www.blackhistorypages.net/pages/obo ykin.php-
in.html -
/UGLabs/images/resistor_packages.jpg
cache/news/files/ _pacemaker.jpg

17. References (pt.4)
Library Digital Collections -
"The Plant World - What Were Some Of The Accomplishments Of George Washington Carver?." Science Fact Finder. Ed. Phillis Engelbert. UXL-Gale, eNotes.com Jan, < plant-world/what-were-some-accomplishments-george-washington>
Tuskegee University - menu200_2
Website of The Shroder Group freiburg.de/data/bio2/schroe…. 27, Feb 17

18. References (pt.5)
Bianco, D. (2010). Answers.com. Retrieved February 10, 2010, from Answers Corporation: just-1
Grey, M. (2007, February). Black History Month. Retrieved February 10, 2010, from Time, Inc. :
How Stuff Works. (2010). Retrieved February 10, 2010, from How Stuff Works, Inc.: biologists/ernest-everett-just-info.htm  
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