1. Postmodern Theory

2. Modernism The belief that all knowledge can be reduced to knowable segments or truths by using the scientific method.

3. Postmodernism The scientific method describes a way, through statistical means, of proving the null hypotheses. If the null hypotheses is not proved, does that mean the alternative hypotheses is proved? How can we know that other factors are not involved in human behavior?

4. Constructionist (George Kelly, 1955) Individuals construct their own reality. or “A person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events.” (Kelly, 1955. Fundamental postulate)

5. Constructionist (George Kelly, 1955) (1955) Construction Corollary: A person anticipates events by construing their replications. By contruing, we mean “placing an interpretation” on an event.

6. Constructionist (George Kelly, 1955) Individual Corollary: Persons differ from each other in their construction of events. No two people can play precisely the same role in the same event, no matter how closely they are associated.

7. Constructionist (George Kelly, 1955) Choice Corollary: a person chooses for himself that alternative in a dichotomized construct through which he anticipates the greater possibility for extension and definition of his system.

8. Constructionist (George Kelly, 1955) On change Experience Corollary: A person’s construction system varies as he successfully contrues the replication of events.

9. On a counseling relationship Kelly (1955) Sociality corollary: To the extent that one person contrues the construction processes of another, He may play a role in a social process involving the other person.

10. Individuals behave as scientists predicting events by advancing theories about them and then testing the theories, constructs are continually modified to enhance predictions.

11. Assessment Laddering Technique A means of determining which constructs are most important to clients Helps identify the relative importance of the constructs within their system of constructs Starts with choosing three occupations and then developing constructs about them by asking questions about them Counselor continues to focus on questions about constructs as he moves up the “ladder” Helps to clarify own feelings

13. 13 Slide 4 for Chapter 10 Narrative Career Counseling Client as Storyteller Client:Agent (author) (protagonist) Client’s environment:Setting Client’s experiences:Action Client’s abilities, friends, family or employers:Instruments Client’s changing mind about career paths:Wavering

14. 14 The Client’s Story BeginningMiddleEnd The problem Description of obstacles Counselor and and instruments used client work to reach a goal together to reach client’s goal Slide 5 for Chapter 10

15. 15 Slide 6 for Chapter 10 Goals of Assessment in Narrative Counseling Identify a pattern of the individual’s life Form a sense of the client’s identity by listening to the client’s story Find out about the client’s goals for the future

16. 16 Slide 7 for Chapter 10 What to Listen for in the Client’s Story Coherence Continuity Causality

17. 17 Slide 8 for Chapter 10 Cochran’s Narrative Career Counseling Episodes Making Meaning out of the Career Narrative 1.Elaborating a career problem 2.Composing a life history 3.Founding a future narrative A Focus on Being Active 4.Constructing a reality 5.Changing a life structure 6.Enacting a role Ending 7.Crystallizing a decision

18. 18 Slide 9 for Chapter 10 Techniques Used in Cochran’s Seven Episodes of Narrative Career Counseling (Slide A) EpisodeTechniques Elaborating a Career Problem - card sort, construct laddering, interest inventories, value inventories, ability tests, drawings, anecdotes, Career-O-Gram Composing a Life History - comment on stories, dramatization, emphasize strengths, success experiences, lifeline, life chapters, Career- O-Gram Eliciting a Future Narrative - success experience, lifeline, life chapters, guided fantasy, written and narrative outline

19. Techniques Used in Cochran’s Seven Episodes of Narrative Career Counseling (Slide B) EpisodeTechniques Reality Construction- volunteer work, job visitation, day on the job Changing a Life Structure - look for the career project Enacting a Role - trying out new activities Crystallizing a Decision- identify and eliminate obstructions, actualize opportunities, reflect career decisions (using reptest if appropriate)