1. 3-1 Computer System Categories

2. 3-2 Microcomputer Systems Personal Computer (PC) – microcomputer for use by an individual Desktop – fit on an office desk Laptop – small, portable PC Workstation – a powerful, networked PC for business professionals Network Server – more powerful microcomputers that coordinate telecommunications and resource sharing in small networks

3. 3-3 Terminals Devices that allow access to a network Dumb terminals – keyboard and video monitor with limited processing Intelligent terminals – modified networked PCs or network computers

4. 3-4 Information Appliances Hand-held microcomputer devices Personal digital assistants (PDA) BlackBerry Video-game consoles Internet enabled cellular phones

5. 3-5 Midrange systems High-end network servers Minicomputers for scientific research and industrial process monitoring Less costly to buy, operate and maintain than mainframe

6. 3-6 Mainframe Computer Systems Large, fast powerful computer systems Large primary storage capacity High transaction processing Complex computations Can be used as superservers for large companies

7. 3-7 Supercomputer Systems Extremely powerful systems Scientific, engineering and business applications at extremely high speeds Global weather forecasting, military defense Parallel processing with thousands of microprocessors Billions of operations per second Millions of dollars

8. 3-8 Computer System hardware functions Input Convert data into electronic form Processing - Central Processing Unit (CPU) Arithmetic-logic unit performs the arithmetic functions Control unit Output Convert electronic information into human-intelligible form Storage Primary Storage Unit or Memory Secondary Storage: Magnetic disks and Optical disks

9. 3-9 How corporate buyers choose PCs Solid performance at a reasonable price Operating system ready Enough storage capacity Connectivity – reliable network interface or wireless capability

10. 3-10 Storage tradeoffs

11. 3-11 Computer Storage Fundamentals Binary representation Data are processed and stored in computer system through the presence (1) or absence (0) of signals Bit (short for binary digit) Smallest element of data Either 0 or 1 Byte Group of eight bits which operate as a single unit Represents one character

12. 3-12 Representing characters in bytes

13. 3-13 Measuring storage capacities Kilobyte (KB): one thousand bytes Megabyte (MB): one million bytes Gigabyte (GB): one billion bytes Terabyte (TB): one trillion bytes Processing/Clock speed of CPU: Megahertz (MHz) – millions of cycles/instructions per second Gigahertz (GHz) – billions of cycles/instructions per second

14. 3-14 Two types of semiconductor memory RAM: random access memory Most widely used primary storage medium Volatile memory Read/write memory ROM: read only memory Frequently used programs burnt into chips during manufacturing Can be read but cannot be overwritten Called firmware

15. 3-15 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tag and identify mobile objects E.g., store merchandise, postal packages, pets Use RFID chips to transmit and receive radio signals Chips half the size of a grain of sand Passive chips: do not have power source and derive power from signal in reader Active chips: Self-powered