1. Energy and Civilization
Chapter 9
Energy and Civilization

2. Importance of energy: All forms of life and society require energy
Example: plants use sun for energy
Animals consume food for energy
If the flow of energy is disrupted, the organisms stop functioning and start to die off.
Example: if predators run out of food, they will starve to death

3. Importance of energy: We also need energy for society to function
Example: machines need fuel
Our main energy sources are fossil fuels
If have limited energy, factories shut down, no transportation, electricity, etc.
Society would be chaotic

4. History of energy:
-Industrial societies (such as the US) use much more energy than the early societies like hunter-gatherers
Modern societies must have large inputs of energy.
Problem: The energy sources must change before resources such as fossil fuels are depleted (run out).

5. Organisms get energy from food
All societies depend on food
Early societies just needed food for survival (needed little other energy)
Hunter-gatherers just obtained just enough food to survive
Over time, man began to use more energy for their comforts (agriculture society ate more food since more was available, also used more wood for heat and cooking)

6. Energy use: Hunter-gatherers needed energy from:
- food only
Agricultural society used energy from:
food and
Wood
Industrial society used energy from :
Food and
Coal (fossil fuel)

7. Use of wood
Wood was the first source of energy used except for food (heat, cook, bend metals)
Wood was the primary fuel and was used in building
As the wood became limited, other forms of fuel was needed. Many started using animal dung (such as in India).
In Europe and US, vast forests supplied enough fuel until 13th century. Then started using coal (fossil fuels)
By 1890, coal had replaced wood as the primary energy source.

8. Industrial revolution
As this period begin, coal become a major component of energy usage.
Began in Europe in 1890 and spread to North America
Machines were invented that replaced manpower
the steam engine was the central invention (It converted heat energy into motion) It made possible large scale coal mining.
Coal was the major source of energy to steam engines (must have had coal in order to be a industrialized country)
People congregated in cities and left farms
Why? To be close to factories—jobs
Energy consumption increased, economy grew, people prospered (there were plenty coal energy available)
Industrial revolution

9. What do industrialized countries use energy for (3 things)?
1. Residential and commercial use
Example: generate electricity
2. Industrial use
Example: run machines
3. Transportation (the US has fewer public transportation systems but a lot of private transportation).
Example: cars use a major portion of the crude oil supply. We have to get most of it from Middle East countries
Private cars in the US use over 40% of the worlds gasoline

10. Role of the automobile
Its invention drastically increased demand for oil
Automobile industry was
big business providing the country with wealth
Created jobs and altered lifestyles
People had transportation so they began to move back to rural areas and drive in
Today it is still a major component of life in the US

11. Methods to reduce automobile use in cities
London- photographs license plates (Drivers must pay 8.00/day)
Hong Kong- has electronic sensors on cars that records travel and time. They are sent a monthly bill
Singapore- have sensors that are set up. When the car goes through a sensor, it deducts money from a cash card.
Rome and Florence- all non-public vehicles are banned at certain times of day

12. Plant energy: In all ecosystems, the sun provides the input of energy.
The energy from the sun is transferred to chemical
Energy (glucose) by photosynthesis

13. The process of photosynthesis occurs in the leaves
In leaves, the carbon dioxide, water and energy combine to form glucose and oxygen

14. Photosynthesis
Ingredients needed are: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and energy from sun
Products are: Oxygen (O2) and glucose (C6H12O6)

15. Animal energy: Herbivores then get the energy from plants
Carnivores then get the energy from herbivores
Sun >> plant >>herbivore>> carnivore

16. Fossil fuel formation:
Remains of plants, animals, and microorganisms that lived millions of years ago accumulate
Many remains accumulate on the seafloor as sediment or in swamp lands and are compressed.
If in swamplands, coal forms.
If in seafloor, gas and oil forms.
Heat and pressure convert the organic matter to coal, gas and oil. Gas and oil are made by a process called distillation
The first fossil fuel to be used extensively was coal

17. Natural Gas Natural gas used to not have a place for storage
In the 1940’s, a pipeline was constructed by the federal government to transport oil within the US
The pipeline was later sold to private companies
who converted them to natural gas lines
Currently, about 25% of the energy used in the US is from natural gas

18. Energy usage
Canada and the US use about 2 times as much energy as people in France and Japan.
They use 10 times more than China
They use 25 times more than India

19. OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries started in 1960
5 of the major oil exporters made it up which included: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Venezuela and Iran
Today it is made up of 12 countries. (not the US)
They control 78% of oil reserves and greatly influence pricing.
The US has put pressure on them to increase output which would lower pricing. OPEC says they have the output of crude oil. The US does not have enough production facilities.
OPEC plays a major role in determining pricing

20. Trends in energy consumption
Oil remains the worlds major source of energy (38% of the energy demand)
Coal accounts for 26% and natural gas 24%
The rest (around 12%) is from nuclear energy and hydropower

21. Oil consumption Consumption of oil in the US has steadily increased.
The only decline is when OPEC has a price increase and then consumption declines
When the Iraq war
began, prices increased
and have continued to
do so today

22. What do less-developed countries use energy for?
Residential use (cooking and heating)
Some are developing industries

23. Electricity
Production and distribution of electricity is a major step in economic development of a country
About 25% of electricity is used in industry and the rest is residential and commercial