1. Emotional Development At birth, partial and full-face expressions of interest, smiling and disgust are observed. At birth, partial and full-face expressions of interest, smiling and disgust are observed. Endogenous Smiles Endogenous Smiles

2. Carroll Izard Emotions develop in orderly fashion Emotions develop in orderly fashion 4-6 weeks: social/exogenous smiles 4-6 weeks: social/exogenous smiles 3-4 months: anger, sadness, surprise 3-4 months: anger, sadness, surprise 5-7 months: fear 5-7 months: fear 6-8 months: shame, shyness, self-awareness 6-8 months: shame, shyness, self-awareness 24 months: contempt, guilt 24 months: contempt, guilt

3. Joseph Campos All basic emotions are in place at birth; prewired All basic emotions are in place at birth; prewired Just because they are not observed does not mean child is not experiencing them. Just because they are not observed does not mean child is not experiencing them.

4. Emotional Stability Amount of sadness during brief separation from mother predicts sadness 6 months later Amount of sadness during brief separation from mother predicts sadness 6 months later Amount of anger during inoculation at 2-7 months predicts amount of anger at 19 months Amount of anger during inoculation at 2-7 months predicts amount of anger at 19 months Izard and colleagues Izard and colleagues

5. TEMPERAMENT Behavioral style or primary pattern of reacting to environment Behavioral style or primary pattern of reacting to environment Hereditary component Hereditary component Includes sociability, emotionality, activity level (Buss & Plomin) Includes sociability, emotionality, activity level (Buss & Plomin)

6. Thomas and Chess (1956) New York Longitudinal Study – followed 141 people from infancy to adulthood New York Longitudinal Study – followed 141 people from infancy to adulthood Nine temperament dimensions Nine temperament dimensions Activity level Activity level Rhythmicity Rhythmicity Approach/withdrawal Approach/withdrawal Distractability Distractability Adaptability Adaptability Threshold of Mood Threshold of Mood Intensity of Reaction Intensity of Reaction Mood Mood Attention span/persistence Attention span/persistence

7. Three Significant Constellations Easy Child (40% of sample) - smiles easily, adapts to change, quickly develops regular patterns of eating and sleeping Easy Child (40% of sample) - smiles easily, adapts to change, quickly develops regular patterns of eating and sleeping Difficult Child (10%) - easily frustrated, slow to adapt, withdraws from novelty, shows irregular patterns Difficult Child (10%) - easily frustrated, slow to adapt, withdraws from novelty, shows irregular patterns Slow-To-Warm-Up Child (15%) - mildly negative initial responses gradually change to positive, reactions less intense than Difficult Child Slow-To-Warm-Up Child (15%) - mildly negative initial responses gradually change to positive, reactions less intense than Difficult Child Remaining 35% in sample didn’t fall into categories Remaining 35% in sample didn’t fall into categories

8. Goodness of Fit Outcome determined largely by goodness of fit between temperament and environment Outcome determined largely by goodness of fit between temperament and environment Consistent individual differences in temperament evident from earliest months Consistent individual differences in temperament evident from earliest months Children react differently to environments depending on own temperaments Children react differently to environments depending on own temperaments Recognizing different temperaments and providing a good fit is important for all who interact with children Recognizing different temperaments and providing a good fit is important for all who interact with children

9. Jerome Kagan (1989) Behavioral Inhibition: tendency to be extremely shy and restrained in response to unfamiliar people and situations. Behavioral Inhibition: tendency to be extremely shy and restrained in response to unfamiliar people and situations.

10. Stability of Temperament Active fetus – more likely to be an active infant Active fetus – more likely to be an active infant Relatively stable through infancy and preschool years Relatively stable through infancy and preschool years

11. Other Aspects of Emotional Development Social Referencing: looking to another individual for emotional cues in interpreting a strange/ambiguous event. Social Referencing: looking to another individual for emotional cues in interpreting a strange/ambiguous event. Complex emotions Complex emotions