1. bone Calcium homeostasis Blood Ca++ small intestine kidney

2. Calcium cycling in bone tissue Bone formation –Osteoblasts Synthesize a collagen matrix that holds Calcium Phospate in crystallized form Once surrounded by bone, become osteocyte Bone resorption –Osteoclasts Change local pH, causing Ca++ and phosphate to dissolve from crystals into extracellular fluids

3. 1,25 Vitamin D3

4. Mammalian Pancreas Gall bladder duodenum liver Bile Duct Pancreas Pancreatic duct

5. Endocrine Pancreas Islets of Langerhans Exocrine cells    capillaries

6. Islet Transplantation Inside the patient Separate islets from exocrine pancreas Encapsulate islets (immune protection) Inject into abdomen

7. Alarm Phase: Catecholamine Release: sympathoadrenal system Adrenal Gland Neuron epinephrine

8. hypothalamus pituitary adrenals Glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone) ACTH CRH Central Nervous System VP  -endorphins Prolactin

9. The stress response

10. 6050403020100 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Pre-storm (n=3) Calm (n=8) Time after capture (min) Corticosterone, ng/ml Storm? Storms and CORT in diving Petrels

11. glucose mobilization Breakdown of protein to make glucose Inhibit immune system Decreased parental care Decrease reproduction Energy depletion Muscle wasting Increase parasite load, can’t fight disease, infection Loss of young Total loss of fitness for the season Acute Responses to StressChronic Stimulation

12. Corticosterone and Body Condition fence lizard

13. PESASESAWESAREPH 0 20 40 60 80 Males Females Magnitude ofCorticosterone Increase, ng/ml Pectoral Sandpiper Semipalmated Sandpiper Red Phalarope 98 11 13 85 F M + F MParental care? :

14. 15103060 0 10 20 30 40 50 Abert's Towhee 15103060 0 10 20 30 40 summer winter Inca Dove Time after capture (mintues) CORT (ng/ml) 15103060 winter 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 summer 15103060 0 10 20 30 40 50 summer winter Cactus Wren Black-throated sparrow BENIGN BREEDING ENVIRONMENT HARSH BREEDING ENVIRONMENT

15. EIEI E ENERGY TIME E I = E E = E O = Energy Model E G =