2. Diet And Heath Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

3. Lifestyle Physical inactivity Overweight Tobacco use Alcohol and drug abuse Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

4. The Immune System Skin and mucus membranes are the first line of defense –If those are overcome then the immune system comes into play Antigens –Foreign substances that elicit an immune response –They may be proteins, carbohydrates etc inside and on the surface of bacteria, viruses and other organisms. –They may be toxins or allergens (substances that cause allergies) either in the environment or in foods –They may be abnormal proteins produced by cancer cells –Thus the immune system also protects against cancer in normal life Phagocytes –Phagocytosis Literally means cell eating Bacteria, viruses etc as well as infected human cells are “eaten by phagocytes and their antigens made available to the rest of the immune system –Cytokines Chemical signals released by phagocytes to activate metabolic and immune responses to infection

5. The Immune System Lymphocytes –Are very specific –Each one recognizes only one type of antigen –Two types of lymphocytes B-cells –Antibodies »Proteins that kill or inactivate bacteria, viruses etc T-cells –Release powerful chemicals to destroy bacteria, viruses etc Memory –Both T and B memory cells are created –These memory cells will “remember” the antigen they have seen before and protect against future infections –This is how vaccines work Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

6. Nutrition and Immunity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Synergistic effects –Multiple factors working together cause combined effects greater than each one can produce by itself –In this case, malnutrition and diseases work together to make things worse than one or the other alone can. PEM –Protein energy malnutrition

7. Nutrition and Immunity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Immune system cells are some of the few types of cells that are always growing and reproducing. Making new cells need proteins. In addition, cytokines and antibodies are proteins. Many of the enzymes necessary to kill the invaders are proteins

8. Nutrition and Immunity Protein Fatty acids –Omega-3 Vitamins A, E, B 6, C Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Folate Iron Zinc Selenium

9. How AIDS Develops Opportunistic infections –Infections that would not affect a healthy person but can be very serious (even causing death) in people whose immune system is damaged –Most of the people who die of AIDS, die from opportunistic infections CD4+ T-lymphocytes –Main targets of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – It is like fighting a war without some of your best weapons Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

10. The HIV Wasting Syndrome Causes of malnutrition and wasting –Inadequate nutrient intakes Tendency towards anorexia (both physical and psychological components) –Malabsorption (poor absorption) –Excessive nutrient losses Some of the treatments lead to nausea, vomiting or diarrhea –Accelerated metabolism (fever and other causes) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

11. Nutrition Support Zinc –Zinc supplementation can reduce rate of opportunistic infections No specific dietary strategy –Try to prevent anorexia Foodborne infections –HIV/AIDS sufferers are more susceptible to foodborne infections –So extra care must be taken Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

12. Nutrition And Chronic Disease Leading causes of death in the U.S. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

14. Nutrition And Chronic Disease Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

15. Cardiovascular Disease CVD (Cardiovascular disease) –Diseases affecting heart and blood vessels CHD (Coronary Heart Disease) –Atherosclerosis Narrowing of coronary arteries Coronary arteries carry blood to the heart Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

16. How Atherosclerosis Develops Damage to artery walls (cells lining the blood vessel) due to –Normal pressure from blood flow in branches –High LDL –Smoking –Hypertension –High homocysteine levels –Viral or bacterial infections Inflammatory reaction to the damage –Macrophages move in –LDL cholesterol particles get trapped –Free radicals produced during inflammation oxidize LDL fatty acids –Macrophages get swollen with the oxidized LDLs –Minerals are deposited, blood clots and fibrous connective tissue is deposited forming plaques –Plaques start to form early in life Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

17. Blood clots and atherosclerosis –Parts of plaque get dislodged –Body reacts as if this is a wound and sends in blood clotting machinery including platelets –Platelets Eicosanoids Thrombosis –Embolism Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning How Atherosclerosis Develops

18. Blood pressure and atherosclerosis Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

19. How Atherosclerosis Develops The result: heart attacks and strokes –Angina Heart attack Stroke Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

21. Risk Factors For CHD Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

22. Risk Factors For CHD Other risk factors –Emerging risk factors Metabolic syndrome –Insulin resistance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

23. Recommendations For Reducing Risk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

24. Recommendations For Reducing Risk

25. Other dietary strategies - phytosterols Physical activity Drug therapy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

26. How Hypertension Develops Unknown Role of the kidneys Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

27. Risk Factors For Hypertension Smoking Alcohol High blood lipids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

28. Risk Factors For Hypertension Diabetes Gender Age Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

29. Risk Factors For Hypertension Heredity Obesity Race Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

30. Recommendations For Reducing Risk Weight control Physical activity Alcohol Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

32. Recommendations For Reducing Risk Drug therapy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

33. Diabetes In The U.S. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Prevalence among adults

34. How Diabetes Develops Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

35. How Diabetes Develops Type 1 diabetes –Autoimmune disorder Type 2 diabetes Impaired glucose tolerance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

36. Complications Of Diabetes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

37. Complications Of Diabetes Diseases of the large blood vessels Diseases of the small blood vessels Diseases of the nerves Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

38. Recommendations For Diabetes Recommendations for type 1 diabetes Recommendations for type 2 diabetes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

39. How Cancer Develops Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

40. How Cancer Develops Genetic factors Immune factors Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

41. How Cancer Develops Environmental factors –Initiators –Promoters –Antipromoters Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

43. How Cancer Develops Dietary factors - cancer initiators –Carcinogens Dietary factors - cancer promoters Dietary factors - antipromoters Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

44. Recommendations For Reducing Risk Eat a variety of healthful foods –Emphasize plant sources Adopt a physically active lifestyle Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

45. Recommendations For Reducing Risk Maintain a healthful weight throughout life If you drink alcoholic beverages, limit consumption Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

46. Recommendations For Reducing Risk Do not smoke or use tobacco in any form Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

47. Food Guide Pyramid for Disease Prevention Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

48. Recommendations For Chronic Diseases Recommendations for the population Recommendations for individuals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

49. Recommendations For Chronic Diseases Recommendations for each individual –Genome Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

50. Complementary And Alternative Medicine Defining complementary and alternative medicine –Integrative medicine Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

51. Complementary And Alternative Medicine Sound research, loud controversy Placebo effect Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

52. Complementary And Alternative Medicine Risk-benefit relationships Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

53. Complementary And Alternative Medicine Nutrition-related alternative therapies –Foods –Vitamin and mineral supplements –Herbal remedies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

56. Complementary And Alternative Medicine Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

57. Complementary And Alternative Medicine Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

58. Complementary And Alternative Medicine Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

59. Complementary And Alternative Medicine Internet precautions The consumer’s perspective Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning