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父母教養型態對青少年能力、 及飲酒、藥物使用的影響 Diana Baumrind The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use
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一、家庭脈絡中之青少年發展 (一)傳統觀點 1.Erikson: 認同形成 2.Piaget: 他律到自律 家庭: emotional disengagement from the family and a transfer to peer attachment 親子上下關係到同儕平等互惠關係
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(二)轉變 — 傾向觀點 (the transition-proneness views) 青少年早期行為型態,如獨立、父母要求寬鬆、 依賴同儕等,可能導致青少年問題行為 家庭: 有較嚴格的限制和控制
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(三)現代觀點 自主與依附之間的平衡 個體性(個人觀點分化與清晰的表達) (individuality) 和連結性(對他人觀點的反應與 尊重) (connectedness) 主體性(追求獨立、個體性、自我強化) (agency) 和共同性(歸屬與連結的需求) (communion)
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(四)問題 何者觀點較為正確? 台灣社會與美國社會之差異?
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二、青少年父母教養因素與型態 (一)因素 要求 (demanding) : 對孩子的成熟要求、督導與孩子不服從時的面 質 反應 (responsiveness) : 父母注意支持和順從孩子的特殊需求與要求, 有意圖的培養孩子的個別性、自我調節與自我 肯定
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(二)量表 Directive/conventional control (D/C C) :限制 控制與傳統價值 Assertive control (AC) :堅定但非限制性的監 控與規則執行 Supportive control (SC) :反應、說理誘導、 鼓勵個體性 Intrusive (I) :過份管制、不允許孩子獨立
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(三)型態 Table 1: definitions of the T3 family types P.31
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三、父母教養型態與青少年能力 (一)結果 Table 3: Analysis of variance of T3 adolescent psychological attributes by T3 parent types P.35-p.37
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(二)摘要 authoritative Optimum development; slightly higher in prosocial behavior than nonauthoritarian-directive and goodenough; slightly higher in academic achievement than goodenough democratic Similar to authoritative Authoritarian- directive Lacking in individuation, social consciousness, autonomy, external locus of control, opposed drug use, low verbal and math achievement, more internalizing problem behavior Nonauthoritaria n-directive Similar to Authoritarian-directive, seeking adult approval
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goodenough Adequately competent, without serious problem behavior; daughters of goodenough parents were alienated and extremely low self-esteem Nondirective Relatively alienated, noncommunal, nonachievement oriented, nonconforming, use illicit drugs freely Unengaged Antisocial, lacking self-regulation, lacking social responsibity, low cognitive competence. Internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors
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(三)問題 何者觀點較為正確? 台灣社會與美國社會之差異? 在親職教育上的應用?
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