1. Nutrition Monitoring and Surveillance

2. Some Definitions Joint Nutrition Monitoring Evaluation Committee, 1986 Expert Panel on Nutrition Monitoring, 1989

3. Nutrition Monitoring Assessment of dietary or nutrition status at intermittent times with the aim of detecting changes in the dietary or nutritional status of a population

4. Nutrition Surveillance Continuous assessment of nutritional status for the purpose of detecting changes in trend or distribution in order to initiate corrective measures

5. Dietary Status The condition of a population’s or an individual’s intake of foods and food components, especially nutrients.

6. Nutrition Assessment Measurement of indicators of dietary status and nutrition related health status to identify the possible occurrence, nature, and extent of impaired nutritional status.

7. Nutrition Monitoring in the United States

8. Chronology

10. Goals of NNMS Provide foundations for improvement of nutritional status and quality and healthfulness of food supply Collect, analyze, and disseminate timely data on nutrition and dietary status, quality of food supply, food consumption patterns, consumer knowledge and attitudes

11. NNMS Goals, cont... ID high risk groups and geographic areas and trends Establish national baseline data and develop standards for monitoring Provide data for evaluating implications of changes in agricultural policy

12. National Nutrition Monitoring System Jointly administered by USDA and DHHS 22 federal agencies involved Over 70 surveys and surveillance activities Ten year comprehensive plan for Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research sent to congress in 1993

13. NNMS - Some Agencies USDA –Food and Nutrition Service –Food Safety and Inspection Service –Agricultural Research Service –Economic Research Service –Extension Service –Cooperative State Research Service

14. Department of Health and Human Services –National Center for Health Statistics –CDC-National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion –Food and Drug Administration –Heath Resources and Services Administration –Indian Health Services –National Institutes of Health –Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

15. Others: –Department of Defense –Department of Education –Agency for International Development –Department of Veterans Affairs –Census Bureau –Bureau of Labor Statistics –National Marine Fisheries Service

16. 5 Areas of NNMS Nutrition and related health measurements Food and nutrient composition Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior Food composition and nutrient databases Food Supply Determinations

18. Nutrition and Related Health Measurements National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (I-V, and continuous) National Health Interview Survey National Hospital Discharge Survey Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System

19. Food and Nutrient Composition Nationwide Food Consumption Survey Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals

20. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Youth Risk Behavior Survey Diet and Health Knowledge Survey

21. Food Composition and Nutrient Data Bases National Nutrient Data Bank (NNDB)

22. Food Supply Determinations US Food and Nutrition Supply Series

23. Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States - December 1995

24. Increase in rates of overweight and sedentary lifestyle Increase in proportion of adults with desirable serum total cholesterol Hypertension remains major public health problem - especially in non-Hispanic blacks 9-13% of low income households experience food insecurity Rates of femoral osteoporosis in females > 50 years old: –21% in non-Hispanic whites –10% in non-Hispanic blacks –16% in Mexican Americans

25. Intakes of % of diet from total fat, saturated fatty acids, and cholesterol have decreased, but remain above recommended levels for large proportion of the population Mean calcium intakes are below recommendations - especially in adolescents, adult females, elderly, and non-Hispanic black males Median iron intakes below recommendations for children 1-2, female adolescents, females 20-59 Average daily intake of fruits and vegetables is about 4 servings

26. Nutrition Monitoring in the United States The Directory of Federal and State Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Activities 2000 An Inventory of Resources

27. Major Surveys with Nutrition Content

28. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) CDC, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) Annually since 1984 (not all states at first) Telephone interview Data collection is conducted separately by each State. Sample design uses State-level, random-digit- dialed probability samples of the adult (aged 18 years and over) population. State-specific sample sizes ranged from 1,499 to 6,005

29. BRFSS - Questions Behavioral risk factors (for example, alcohol and tobacco use), preventive health measures, HIV/AIDS, health status, limitation of activity, and health care access and utilization Core of questions asked in all States Standardized optional questions on selected topics administered at the State’s discretion Rotating core of questions asked every other year in all States State-added questions developed to address State- specific needs

30. BRFSS - Data National State Smaller units when local agencies pay for additional surveys Data system homepage: http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/brfss

31. BRFSS - Nutrition Self reported height and weight Trying to loose weight? 6 fruit and vegetable intake questions Activity Food security

32. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) CDC, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) School based, grades 9-12 National survey is done in 150 schools, states and local districts conduct their own surveys Other components: national alternative school survey, middle school surveys in selected States, and the National College Health Risk Behavior Survey Anonymous self-administered questionnaires Biennial (odd-numbered years) 1999 national survey, N= 15,349

35. YRBS - Data Gender, age, grade, race/ethnicity, urbanicity of school National and 4 census regions By state for 41 states in 1999 16 large metropolitan school districts http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dash/yrbs/ov.htm

36. YRBS - Categories injury tobacco use alcohol and other drug use sexual behavior diet and nutrition physical activity

37. YRBS - Nutrition Self reported weight and height Dieting behaviors Eating disorder behaviors Fruit and vegetable intake Fat intake

38. Seattle YRBS 19931999 Percentage of students who were trying to lose weight 34.438.3 Percentage of students who exercised or participated in physical activities for at least 20 minutes that made them sweat and breathe hard on three or more of the past seven days 64.464.1

39. Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) USDA 1994-1996 in-person interviews 24-hour dietary recall: 2 nonconsecutive days of food intake data collected 3-10 days apart 2 weeks later, one adult from each household asked questions about knowledge and attitudes toward dietary guidance, health, and use of food labels.

40. CFSII - Sample Nationally representative stratified multistage area probability sample of U.S. noninstitutionalized civilian population, all ages. Oversampling of low-income households For 1994–96, sample size for 1-day dietary data was 16,103; for 2-day dietary data, it was 15,303.

41. CFSII - Data kinds and amounts of foods consumed sources of foods time, name of each eating occasion food expenditures, shopping practices pregnancy, lactation, nursing status, height and weight income, poverty status, household size, participation in Food Stamp and WIC programs

42. CFSII - Data Availability National; four U.S. Census Bureau regions; Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas http://www.barc.usda.gov/bhnrc/foodsurvey/home.htm

43. CFSII - Nutrition food intakes in grams of 71 USDA-defined food groups and subgroups nutrient intakes of 28 nutrients and food components nutrient intakes expressed as percentages of the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowance Pyramid servings from 30 food groups

44. Cleveland et al. Dietary Intake of Whole Grains. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002.

45. Enns et al. Family Economics and Nutrition Review, 1997.

46. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) CDC, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) In-person interview in household and mobile examination center stratified multistage probability sample, nationally representative of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population Approximately 5,000 people are examined at 15 locations each year All ages beginning in 1999

47. NHANES - Continuous Periodic (1960–94); annual beginning in 1999 after 1999 annual sample size will be too small to provide reliable estimates for many measures and for most subgroups. Most analyses will require 3 years of data for reliable estimates.

48. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/mectour.htm

50. NHANES - Content Chronic disease prevalence and conditions (including undiagnosed conditions immunization status infectious disease prevalence health insurance measures of environmental exposures hearing vision mental health

51. NHANES - Content anemia diabetes cardiovascular disease osteoporosis obesity oral health physical fitness

52. NHANES - New in 1999 cardiorespiratory fitness physical functioning lower extremity disease full body DXA for body fat as well as bone density tuberculosis

53. NHANES - Data National; four U.S. Census Bureau regions Demographics: Gender, age, education, race/ethnicity, place of birth, income, occupation, and industry http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm

54. NHANES - Nutrition Food Security Dietary supplements Weight history Dietary Recall - one 24 hour

55. NHANES III Anthropometric Procedures Video Body weight Standing height Sitting height Upper leg length Recumbent length Upper arm length Knee height Arm circumference Waist circumference Buttocks circumference Thigh circumference Head circumference Skinfolds (including thighs, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac) Wrist breadth Elbow breadth

57. NHANES-CFSII Integration Staged integration of two surveys underway 2001 a year of testing, 2002 full integration Goals: continuous data collection, linkage of diet and health data, 2 days of dietary data collection (second day by phone 3 to 10 days after initial exam) DHKS not part of integrated efforts at this time, but under consideration

58. Diet and Health Knowledge Survey (DHKS) USDA, Agricultural Research Service Periodically from 1989 to 1996 In conjunction with CSFII Sample size per year –~1300 from 1989 through 1991 –~2000 per year 1994-1996 telephone follow up conducted with one adult in each household 2-3 weeks after CFSII

59. DHKS - Content Designed to assess relationships between knowledge and attitudes about dietary guidance and food safety, food choice decisions and nutrient intakes Variables can be linked to CFSII variables for individuals.

60. DHKS - Questions Self perceived intake levels awareness of diet/health relationships use of food labels perceived importance of following dietary guidance for specific nutrients and food components beliefs about food safety Knowledge about food sources of nutrients

61. DHKS - Descriptive Variables Individual: gender, age, ethnicity, education, employment status, height and weight Household: income, size, cash assets, region, urbanization, tenancy, participation in food stamps and WIC

62. DHKS - URL www.barc.usda.gov/bhnrc/foodsurvey/csfii94.htm

63. Optimists: rate diet quality as better than actually is Pessimists: rate diet quality as worse than it is http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/DietAndHealth/healthfuldiet.htm

65. Household Food Security in the United States, 2001 Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report #29 Economic Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture November 2002

66. 89.3 percent of U.S. households were food secure throughout the entire calendar year 2001. 10.7 percent of U.S. households were food insecure at some time during the year. In 3.3 percent of households people were hungry at times during the year because they couldn’t afford enough food. Rates of food insecurity and hunger in the U.S. increased during the 2-year period 1999-2001.

67. Nutrition Security The provision of an environment that encourages and motivates society to make food choices consistent with short and long term good health.

68. Food Security Assess by all people at all times to sufficient food for an active and healthy life. Food security includes at a minimum: the ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, and an assured ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways.

69. Food Insecurity a household had limited or uncertain availability of food, or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways (i.e., without resorting to emergency food supplies, scavenging, stealing, or other unusual coping strategies).

70. Hunger The uneasy or painful sensation caused by a lack of food. Involuntary hunger that results from not being able to afford enough food The recurrent and involuntary lack of access to food May produce malnutrition over time.

71. History of the Food Security Measurement Project 1990 NMRR Act recommends a standardized mechanism for defining and obtaining data on the prevalence of food insecurity 1992 USDA staff review existing research 1994 USDA and DHHS sponsor conference on Food Security Measurement and Research 1995 Current Population Survey of US Census Bureau includes Food Security Measurement scale 1996- present Annual Surveys, ERS assumes leadership, others encouraged to use FSMS

75. Washington State, 1999-2001 Food Insecure without hunger – 12.5% Food Insecure with hunger – 4.6

76. Prevalence The West and South Census Regions registered somewhat higher prevalences than did the Northeast and Midwest. Food insecurity and hunger were more prevalent in central cities and in nonmetropolitan areas than in suburban areas.

82. Update with 2003 data

83. 2003 National Results Food Insecurity = 11.2% –(increased from 11.1%) Food Insecurity with hunger = 3.5% –No change from 2002

84. Food Insecurity with Hunger

85. Food Insecure Numbers in Washington YearNumbers of Households 2002290,000 2003275,000

86. Why did Washington’s rates improve? Increased participation in federal programs Between 2001 and 2004 there was a 59% increase in food stamp participation. Improving economy?

87. Other National Findings 70% of food insecure families had visited a food pantry within the past year. Only 18.3% of families with incomes below 130% had participated in food stamps in the past month.