1. Survey Research is systematic questioning or interviewing Most statistics have been surveyed Detailed facts for describing phenomena Problems, or pactices recognition Comparisons, and evaluations (time, place, … ) Present situation analyses / decisions and plans for the future ismo.koponen@...

2. Operationalization and Measurement Every determinant must be measured Measurement is giving each determinant a numeric value Concepts must be described theoretically, and phenomena empirically studied Operationalization is the link between theory and practice Complex phenomena require several indicators in order to be properly described

3. Scales Nominal level: yes or no, e.g. male or female Ordinal level: XS, S, M, L, XL – a linear or non-linear curve -> distances not necessarily known Interval level: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 – a linear ’curve’ with a definite distance between every two points Ratio level: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 – a zero, and a linear curve with a definite distance between every two points - continuous and discrete determinants