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Brain and Nervous System Anatomy of the Brain: Structure and Function Neurons: The Basic Unit of Communication Neurotransmitters and Hormones Neuroplasticity
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Interdisciplinary Approach: Neuroscience Begins with studying cells of the nervous system Neurons - up to one billion cells - inter-connections up to 50,000 per neuron Glia - outnumber neurons 10:1 - function not incompletely understood
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Studying the Nervous System Clinical observation Neuropsychology
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Studying the Nervous System Experimental Techniques
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Neuroimaging Techniques Used to examine structures and functioning of brain Computerized Tomography (CT): Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI):
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Neuroimaging techniques, cont’d. Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Electroencephalography (EEG):
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The Nervous System Communication throughout the body Highly organized network Relays, processes, and integrates information
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The Architecture of the Nervous System
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Limbic System Involved in the regulation of motivational and emotional states Aggression, fear, anxiety, appetite (stress-induced eating) Kluver-Bucy Syndrome: (Humans)
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The Cerebral Cortex
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Cortical Brain Structures 3 mm thickness; millions of cells 80% of total brain volume Convoluted (folded) structure increases overall amount of tissue (total area = 1 sq metre) Divided into 2 hemispheres and 4 paired lobes: frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal
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Lateralization Two “sides” to the brain: LEFT and RIGHT hemispheres Contralateral organization: LEFT hemisphere controls actions of RIGHT side of body Most structures are bilateral Hemispheres connected through “commissures” – bundled neural fibers
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Cerebral Commissures Tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres Example: Corpus Callosum
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Lateralization - Cerebral Asymmetry
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Cortical Control of Sensory and Motor Information (Sensory and Motor Homunculus)
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The Developing Nervous System Neurogenesis: Differentiation among cells Proliferation of cells; Migration Nearly complete by month 5 of uterine gestation in humans Connections among neurons and selective death of neurons: (Pruning/Wiring) Can continue into adulthood.
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The Neuron Characteristics of the Neuron Communication within the Neuron Communication between Neurons
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Communication within the Neuron Distribution of charged particles; ions Sodium; Potassium
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Communication within the Neuron Action Potential Momentary change from about -70 mV to +50 mV.
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Communication between Neurons Neurotransmitters and Receptors
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Endorphins, NPY, PYY, Urocortin, Substance P.
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Neurotransmitter vs Hormone [Hormones are chemicals released by endocrine glands into blood circulation]
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Some final thoughts on the CNS…..
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The Brain is “PLASTIC”
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