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Brain and Nervous System Anatomy of the Brain: Structure and Function Neurons: The Basic Unit of Communication Neurotransmitters and Hormones Neuroplasticity.

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Presentation on theme: "Brain and Nervous System Anatomy of the Brain: Structure and Function Neurons: The Basic Unit of Communication Neurotransmitters and Hormones Neuroplasticity."— Presentation transcript:

1 Brain and Nervous System Anatomy of the Brain: Structure and Function Neurons: The Basic Unit of Communication Neurotransmitters and Hormones Neuroplasticity

2 Interdisciplinary Approach: Neuroscience Begins with studying cells of the nervous system Neurons - up to one billion cells - inter-connections up to 50,000 per neuron Glia - outnumber neurons 10:1 - function not incompletely understood

3 Studying the Nervous System  Clinical observation  Neuropsychology

4 Studying the Nervous System  Experimental Techniques

5 Neuroimaging Techniques Used to examine structures and functioning of brain Computerized Tomography (CT): Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI):

6 Neuroimaging techniques, cont’d. Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Electroencephalography (EEG):

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10 The Nervous System Communication throughout the body Highly organized network Relays, processes, and integrates information

11 The Architecture of the Nervous System

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18 Limbic System Involved in the regulation of motivational and emotional states Aggression, fear, anxiety, appetite (stress-induced eating) Kluver-Bucy Syndrome: (Humans)

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20 The Cerebral Cortex

21 Cortical Brain Structures  3 mm thickness; millions of cells  80% of total brain volume  Convoluted (folded) structure increases overall amount of tissue (total area = 1 sq metre)  Divided into 2 hemispheres and 4 paired lobes: frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal

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24 Lateralization  Two “sides” to the brain: LEFT and RIGHT hemispheres  Contralateral organization: LEFT hemisphere controls actions of RIGHT side of body  Most structures are bilateral  Hemispheres connected through “commissures” – bundled neural fibers

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26 Cerebral Commissures Tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres Example: Corpus Callosum

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28 Lateralization - Cerebral Asymmetry

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32 Cortical Control of Sensory and Motor Information (Sensory and Motor Homunculus)

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35 The Developing Nervous System  Neurogenesis: Differentiation among cells Proliferation of cells; Migration Nearly complete by month 5 of uterine gestation in humans  Connections among neurons and selective death of neurons: (Pruning/Wiring) Can continue into adulthood.

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37 The Neuron Characteristics of the Neuron Communication within the Neuron Communication between Neurons

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40 Communication within the Neuron Distribution of charged particles; ions Sodium; Potassium

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44 Communication within the Neuron Action Potential Momentary change from about -70 mV to +50 mV.

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47 Communication between Neurons Neurotransmitters and Receptors

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50 Endorphins, NPY, PYY, Urocortin, Substance P.

51 Neurotransmitter vs Hormone [Hormones are chemicals released by endocrine glands into blood circulation]

52 Some final thoughts on the CNS…..

53 The Brain is “PLASTIC”


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