1. Central Nervous System (CNS): Basic Facts
Adult human brain is
2% body weight
20% resting oxygen
15-20% blood flow
Consists of neurons and glial cells
Neurons are the information processors
Glia provide metabolic and structural support to the neurons
Energetic needs
Myelin
Repair
spinal fluid production
and other functions

2. Size of Adult Human Brain
Range: 1000 to 2000 grams
Average male = 1,350 g
Average female = 1,200 g
Anatole France = 1,000 g (20th century poet)
Albert Einstein = 1,230 g
Lord Byron = 2,380 g (Romance poet)

3. Neurons 200 cell types 10 trillion cells in head
25 billion pyramidal neurons, connects to 1000s of other neurons

4. Gray & White Matter 60% white matter (axons) 40% gray matter (cells)
2 mph to 250 mph when myelinated

5. Neural Structure

7. Human neocortex has 6 layers, 4.5 mm at deepest point
A pinpoint on the 2,200 square cm surface area in adults

9. 52 Brodmann Areas (1906) based on different cell types and distributions

10. Forebrain = Cortex & Limbic
Bottom to Top
Back to Front
Right and Left
Forebrain = Cortex & Limbic

12. General Functions of lobes
Occipital
Vision
Temporal
Auditory
Memory
Parietal
Touch
Integration
Frontal
Motor
Executive Function (goal-oriented, planning, sequencing)

13. Central Nervous System
Fissures (large cleft)
Lateral or Sylvan fissure
Longitudinal fissure
Central fissure or sulcus
Sulcus (shallow cleft)
Gyrus (tissue ridge)

14. Types of Neuroimaging: Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

15. (gray matter thickness map)
MRI examples
Anatomical MRI
(T2-weighted)
Anatomical MRI
(T1-weighted)
Functional MRI
(activation to music)
Structural MRI
(gray matter thickness map)
Diffusion Tensor MRI
(white matter tracts)
MRI is very versatile. Besides conventional anatomical images like the one where you can see different anatomical structures in the brain like tounge, brain, ventricles, there are other kinds of MRI. This one, for example, called an angiogram, shows spatial distribution of the blood vessesls in the brain. This image is an example of functional MRI. The color spots here show activated areas of the brain. This image is a 3D reconstruction of the brain. The different shades of blue show spatial variations in thickness of the cortical gray matter. We call this structural MRI. Finally, this image shows a map of some of the neural connection in the brain. We can get maps like this using so called DTI.
Today, however, we are going to focus on two types of MRI: functional and structural imaging.

16. Electroencephalography (EEG) – Brainwaves