1. Hawaiian Creole English (HCE)
Chae Yim
Ling. 455

2. Contents: Introduction First Contact History Introduction to Pidgin
Development of Hawaiian Creole English
Pronunciation
Grammar
HCE Today
Issues with HCE
Bibliography
Media

3. Introduction
Classified as Hawaiian Creole English (HCE) but still referred to as Pidgin.
600,000 people speak HCE today.
Primarily English, but other languages are involved as well. (Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Korean, etc..)

4. First Contact 1778 – European contact- Capt. Cook ( England ).
1790 – Port between China and W. America.
1805 – Disease plagues indigenous population.
1835 – First sugar cane plantation

5. History 1835 – Hawaiian language dominant
1835 – Decreased use on the plantation
1874 – Increase in sugar cane acres
1875 – Decrease in Hawaiians
1876 – Ratification of Reciprocity Treaty

6. Increase in Immigration
China
Japan
Pacific Islands
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Korea
Philippines

7. Development of Hawaiian Pidgin English (HPE)
Change from Hawaiian to English.
Increase in English Schools and decrease in Hawaiian Schools.
Gradual replacement of Hawaiians on plantation.
Intermarriage with other races.
Continued decline in Hawaiian population.

8. Expanded Pidgin Pidgin being used outside of plantation
Spoken in ethnic groups in mixed urban areas.
Children exposed to both languages.
1st generation learned pidgin in school.

9. Development of Hawaiian Creole English (HCE)
Spoke only Hawaiian Pidgin English to 2nd Generation.
Hawaiian Pidgin English acquired as first language.
No longer a Pidgin but Creole.
Established around

10. Linguistic Features of HCE

11. Pronunciation Voiced and unvoiced ‘th’
No ‘th’ sounds. HCE substitutes with ‘t’ or ‘d’ sounds.
Ex. tink ‘think’ , bot ‘both’, and fada ‘father’

12. Pronunciation Pidgin is non-rhotic.
Ex. car is often pronounced cah, and letter is pronounced letta.
In the place of ‘r’ at the end of vowels in English, HCE has syllable ‘a’ followed by ‘i’, ‘u’, ‘o’, ‘ai’, or ‘e’.
Ex. Dia (deer), pua (poor), stoa (store), faia (fire), and waelfea (welfare).

13. Pronunciation
The sound l at the end of a word is often pronounced o or ol.
Ex. mental is often pronounced mento; people is pronounced peepo.

14. Grammatical
English "to be" (i.e. the copula) are omitted when referring to inherent qualities of an object or person.
Ex. Da house big.
When the verb "to be" refers to a temporary state or location, the word stay is often used.
Ex. Da cup stay on top da table.
The cup is on the table.

15. Grammatical
To express past tense, Pidgin uses wen (went) in front of the verb.
Ex.
Jesus wen cry. (DJB, John 11:35)
Jesus cried.

16. Grammatical
To express future tense, Pidgin uses gon ,goin (going) in front of the verb.
Ex.
God goin do plenny good kine stuff fo him. (DJB, Mark 11:9)
God is going to do a lot of good things for him.

17. Structural Differences in HCE and English

18. Today
600,000 people speak HCE
KCCNFM 100 radio plays regular HCE programs and music.
Many authors using pidgin : Eric Chock, Lisa Kanae, Darrell Lum, Milton Murayama, Ed Sakamoto, Gary Pak, Lee Tonouchi, and Lois-Ann Yamanaka.
Translation of the New Testament (Da Jesus Book)

19. Issues with HCE Blamed for poor education test scores.
Not college level (Just casual talk)
Ebonics (English words mean different things in Pidgin ex. Cockaroach (steal away) )
Associated with lower class (stigmatized as inferior).
Substandard or broken english

20. Hawaiian Automotive 101 with George Nitta
Radio show
Other links:

21. Bibliography
Sakoda, K and Siegel, J (2003) “Pidgin Grammar.” Bess Press : Honolulu.
Romaine, S (1998) “Pidgin and Creole Languages.” Cambridge: Cambridge.
Reinecke, J (1975) “Bibliography of Pidgin and Creole.” Univ. of Hawaii Press: Honolulu.
Grimes, B.F (2000) “Da Jesus Book.” Islander Group: Honolulu.
Websites:
~ronald/230/Creoles.htm

22. Da End