1. Lecture # 3
MOISTURE

2. Moisture Analysis Introduction Importance of moisture analysis
Forms of water in foods
Moisture content of foods
Oven drying methods
Temperature control
Types of oven
Distillation Procedures
Chemical Method
Physical Methods

3. Introduction
Moisture assays can be one of the most important analyses performed on a food product and safety.
It is one of the most difficult analytical forms to obtain accurate and precise data.

4. Importance of Moisture Analysis
The assay of the amount of moisture is one of the most fundamental and important analytical procedures. dry matter that remains after moisture removal is commonly referred to as total solids. This analytical value is of great economic importance to a food manufacturer because water is an inexpensive filler.
The following listing gives some examples in which moisture content is important to the food processor.

5. Importance of Moisture Analysis
1- Moisture is a quality factor in the preservation of some products and affects stability in
dehydrated vegetables and fruits
dried milks
powdered eggs
dehydrated potatoes
spices and herbs
2- Moisture is used as a quality factor for
jams and jellies, to prevent sugar crystallization
sugar syrups
prepared cereals conventional,4-8%; puffed, 7-8%

6. Reduced moisture is used for convenience in packaging or shipping of
concentrated milks
liquid cane sugar (67% solids) and liquid corn sweetener (80% solids)
dehydrated products
concentrated fruit juices
4- Moisture (or solids) content is often specified in compositional standards (i.e., Standards of Identity)
Cheddar cheese must be ≤ 39% moisture.
Enriched flour must be ≤ 5% moisture.
Pineapple juice must have soluble solids of ≤10.5° Brix (conditions specified).
Glucose syrup must have ≥ 70% total solids.
The percentage of add water in processed meats.

7. 5- Computations of the nutritional value of foods require that you know the moisture content.
6- Moisture data are used to express results of other analytical determinations on a uniform basis (i.e., dry weight basis).

8. Forms of Water in Foods
The ease of water removal from foods depends on how it exists in the food product. The three states of water in food products are:
Free water: This water retains its physical properties and thus acts as the dispersing agent for colloids and the solvent for salts.
Adsorbed water: This water is held tightly or is occluded in cell walls or protoplasm and is held tightly to proteins.
Water of hydration: This water is bound chemically, for example, lactose monohydrate.

9. Moisture Content of Selected Foods
Food Item
% of Moisture
White bread, enriched
13.4
Corn flakes cereal
3.0
Milk, whole, fluid, 3.3% fat
88.0
Ice cream, vanilla
61.0
Margarine, regular, hard, corn
16.7
Oil
Oranges, raw
86.8
Apples, raw, with skin
83.9
Beef, ground, extra lean, raw
63.2
Egg, whole, raw, fresh
75.3
Peanuts, all types, dry roasted with salt
1.6
Sugar, granulated
Sugar, brown
Cucumbers, with peel, raw
96.0

10. Methods Used to Measure Moisture
1)-Dry oven method
there are many types of oven:
Forced draft oven.
Vacuum oven.
Microwave oven.
Infrared drying.
Rapid Moisture Analyzer Technology
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis
2)-Distillation Procedures.
3)-Chemical methods.
4)-Physical methods.

11. OVEN DRYING METHODS
In oven drying methods, the sample is heated under specified conditions, and the loss of weight is used to calculate the moisture content of the sample.
The moisture content value obtained is highly dependent on
The type of oven used.
Conditions within the oven.
The time and temperature of drying.

12. Oven Drying Methods
Various oven methods are AOAC approved for determining the moisture in many food products.
The methods are simple, and many ovens allow for simultaneous analysis of large numbers of samples.
The time required may be from a few minutes to over 24 hr.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists)

13. Removal of Moisture
Any oven method used to evaporate moisture has as its foundation the fact that the boiling point of water is 100°C; however, this considers only pure water at sea level.
However, if 1 gram molecular weight (1 mole) of a solute is dissolved in 1.0 liter of water, the boiling point would be raised by 0.512°C. This boiling point elevation continues throughout the moisture removal process as more and more concentration occurs.

14. Moisture removal is sometimes best achieved in a two - stage process.
1- Liquid products (e.g., juices, milk) are commonly prettied over a steam bath before drying in an oven.
2- Products such as bread and field dried grain are often air dried, then ground and oven dried, with the moisture content calculated from moisture loss at both air and oven drying steps.

15. Factors influence of the rate and efficiency of moisture removal
1- Particle size
2- Particle size distribution
3- Sample sizes
4- Surface area during drying

16. Temperature Control
Drying methods utilize specified drying temperatures and times, which must be carefully controlled. Moreover, there may be considerable variability of temperature, depending on the type of oven used for moisture analysis.

17. Types Of Ovens Forced draft oven.
Usually used with liquid dairy products, nuts.
Should not be used with high carbohydrates sample
Drying time hr
Vacuum oven.
draying under reduced pressure
used with high carbohydrates sample
Microwave oven.
Fast, accurate method of analysis

18. Rapid Moisture Analyzer Technology
Infrared drying.
Forced ventilation to remove moisture
Drying time min
Rapid Moisture Analyzer Technology
Used widely from the food industries because it is fast, accurate, and easy.

19. Other Methods Distillation Procedures Chemical Method Physical Methods
Codistilling the moisture in a food
sample with a high boiling point (direct & reflux)
Chemical Method
Used with sample low in moisture
Physical Methods
Hydrometer (gravity & density)
Refractometer (liquid moisture)