1. 1 Motivation OS 386 September 24, 2002 Fisher

2. 2 Agenda Collect written case study Review motivational theories – Group discussion – Groups will present each theory to the class

3. 3 Two types of motivational theories Content – what motivates people? – More practical. I don’t really care how it works, I just want to know what works. Process – how does the motivation process work? – More scientific. I want to understand why people are motivated. – Can generalize to more situations

4. 4 Group discussion Each group selects one theory to discuss – Review major components of the theory – Develop an example of the theory in action Elect a spokesperson Some groups will present their review to the class

5. 5 Basic Motivational Theories Maslow’s Need Hierarchy ERG Motivator-Hygiene Theory of Learned Needs Expectancy Equity

6. 6 Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy Physiological Safety Belongingness Esteem Self- Actualization

7. 7 Does it work? Intuitively appealing, but not much research support for it Individuals are motivated by multiple levels at the same time

8. 8 ERG Theory ERG stands for – Existence – Relatedness – Growth Similar to Maslow, but contains a frustration- regression process Seems to work better than Maslow in predicting behavior

9. 9 Motivator-hygiene theory Employees are primarily motivated by growth and esteem needs – Does not include progression or change over time More basic needs (money, safety, working conditions, etc) are hygiene factors – Necessary but not sufficient conditions for job satisfaction Has not received much research support

10. 10 Theory of Learned Needs Focuses on needs learned from parents, society rather than instinctive needs – Achievement – Affiliation – Power If these are learned needs, theory suggests they can be trained

11. 11 Expectancy Theory Three primary judgments to make – Will effort lead to performance? – Will performance lead to outcomes? – What is the valence of the outcome? People with high self-efficacy or internal locus of control are likely to have high E-P expectancies An irregular reward schedule would lower P-O expectancies Research tends to support this theory

12. 12 Equity Theory Perceptions of fairness affect motivation Individuals look at: – Outcome/input ratio – Comparisons with others – Equity evaluation – How to reduce feelings of inequity How much inequity is ethical?

13. 13 For next class Topic: More on motivation – Growth need strength – Goal setting Complete Growth Need Strength assessment – P. 159 of textbook – Bring results to class