1. G. Windgasse, Hazardous and Municipal Waste Management, Columbia University 1 Hazardous and Municipal Waste Management Gabriele Windgasse, DrPH Columbia University m Introduction m Legal Foundation in the US m Hazardous Waste Management m Land Disposal m Municipal Waste Management m Source Reduction, Recycling, Reuse m “Dual System” in Germany m Thermal Treatment

2. G. Windgasse, Hazardous and Municipal Waste Management, Columbia University 2 Federal Laws governing Solid Waste èSolid Waste Disposal Act (1965) èResource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA, 1976) èHazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (1984) è Comprehensive Environmental Responsibility, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA, 1980) è Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act (SARA, 1986) Wastes generated presently:Wastes deposited in the past:

3. G. Windgasse, Hazardous and Municipal Waste Management, Columbia University 3 Legal Definition of Hazardous Waste rExcluded Wastes (i.e. municipal waste, mining waste, agricultural run-off) rListed Wastes (content or process specific) rEPA Testing Criteria: 4 Toxicity 4 Reactivity 4 Ignitability  Corrosivity

4. G. Windgasse, Hazardous and Municipal Waste Management, Columbia University 4 The National Priority List (NPR) lAbout 1300 sites lThreat to human health or environment lGroundwater contamination l1/3 are former landfills lClean-up takes 10+ years

5. G. Windgasse, Hazardous and Municipal Waste Management, Columbia University 5 NPL Sites in the Tri-State Area EPA - EnviroMapper (Superfund)

6. G. Windgasse, Hazardous and Municipal Waste Management, Columbia University 6 Hierarchy of Waste Management  Prevent the Generation of Waste  Waste Minimization  Recycling, Reuse, Recovery  Treatment, Storage, Disposal

7. G. Windgasse, Hazardous and Municipal Waste Management, Columbia University 7 Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) Joint DoD/DoE/EPA Technology Demo: Demonstration Site, Launch Complex 34, Cape Canaveral Trichloroethylene common contaminant density: 1.46 water solubility: 7ppm known carcinogen

8. G. Windgasse, Hazardous and Municipal Waste Management, Columbia University 8 Challenges for the Management of Hazardous Waste lAbsence of funds/Superfund Reauthorization Act lImprove Waste Minimization lHealth effects of chronic exposures at low concentrations lHow Clean Is Clean? l“Technical Infeasibility” lInnovative Cleanup Technologies lJustification of cleanup costs

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11. G. Windgasse, Hazardous and Municipal Waste Management, Columbia University 11 Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management Plan Source Reduction âOn-site composting, reuse âeliminate packaging âextend product life Recycling, Reuse, Recovery Safe Treatment and Disposal âSource separation âCurb-side collection âOff-site composting, reuse, recycling â 55 % landfilled â 17 % thermal treatment

12. G. Windgasse, Hazardous and Municipal Waste Management, Columbia University 12 Germany’s “Dual System”

13. G. Windgasse, Hazardous and Municipal Waste Management, Columbia University 13 Problems with Recycled Materials s Purity is not uniform s Price can fluctuate greatly s Lack of Market Development

14. G. Windgasse, Hazardous and Municipal Waste Management, Columbia University 14.C.O.N.C.L.U.S.I.O.N.S. è Fact: Resources will go to Landfilling and Thermal Treatment è Goal: Reduce Volume of Waste at the Source

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