1. Gene Expression, RNA, Transcription and Translation

2. What you should know about gene expression
Phenotype is determined by the proteins produced as the result of gene expression.
Only a fraction of the genes in a cell are expressed.
Gene expression is influenced by intra- and extra-cellular environmental factors.
Gene expression is controlled by the regulation of both transcription and translation.

3. Phenotype/Genotype
A cell’s genotype is determined by the sequence of DNA bases in its genes
Phenotype is determined by the proteins produced as the result of gene expression

4. Selective Gene Expression
Although a specialised cell has a complete set of the organism's genes, only those needed for its specialised functions are switched on. All other genes are switched off.
So only a fraction of genes in a cell are expressed

5. The process of differentiation proceeds in a stepwise fashion and involves changes in gene expression. 
Gene expression is the activation of a gene that results in the formation of a protein.
Gene expression is
influenced by intra-
and extra-cellular
environmental factors.

6. Gene activity in different specialised cells
Cell type
Activity of genes coding for production of:
antibodies
lysosome enzymes
enzymes for synthesis of urea
pepsin
phagocyte
off on
liver
stomach lining
lymphocyte
Gene expression is controlled by the regulation of the processes of TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION (protein synthesis).

7. DNA Base -> Amino Acid -> Protein
4 different organic bases, which make up
the genetic code (DNA)
Bases are taken in groups of 3,
gives rise to 64 different
combinations (4³)
Amino acids are produced according
to the sequence of every 3 bases on DNA
Each individuals’ base triplets are arranged in a specific order for coding for the particular proteins needed by that individual

8. Gene expression- Do you know ?
Phenotype is determined by the proteins produced as the result of gene expression.
Only a fraction of the genes in a cell are expressed.
Gene expression is influenced by intra- and extra-cellular environmental factors.
Gene expression is controlled by the regulation of both transcription and translation.

9. RNA, Transcription and Translation

10. What you should know about RNA
RNA is single stranded
RNA contains uracil instead of thymine RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose sugar.
mRNA carries a copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to the ribosome.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins form the ribosome.
Each transfer RNA (tRNA) carries a specific amino acid.

11. Structure of RNA Differences between DNA and RNA RNA: Single Stranded
Bases: Adenine, Uracil, Guanine and Cytosine
Ribose Sugar

12. Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) – carries the genetic information (in base triplets called codons) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis
Transfer RNA (tRNA) – Carries amino acids on the anti-codon to the appropriate codon to form a polypeptide

13. RIBONUCLEIC ACID DNA carries the code (“recipe”) for making proteins
The “equipment” for protein synthesis is in the cytoplasm
mRNA acts as a go-between molecule, carrying the “recipe” to the “equipment”.

14. Transcription

15. Transcription- what you should know
Describe the transcription of DNA into primary and mature RNA transcripts and include the role of RNA polymerase and complementary base pairing.
The introns of the primary transcript of mRNA are non-coding and are removed in RNA splicing.
The exons are coding regions and are joined together to form mature transcript. This process is called RNA splicing.

16. TRANSCRIPTION
The process of making mRNA from the template provided on DNA
DNA to act as template
Free RNA nucleotides
Enzymes including RNA polymerase
ATP for energy
When mRNA is formed, it has triplets of bases along it. These are called codons:
A G C U U A C G G A U G
CODON

17. TRANSCRIPTION

18. 1) RNA polymerase enzyme binds to the promoter region of the DNA,
Transcription - copies the information in DNA into an RNA molecule
- occurs in the nucleus.
1) RNA polymerase enzyme binds to
the promoter region of the DNA,
it moves along the DNA, unwinding
the double helix & breaking hydrogen
bonds holding the base pairs together
2) Free RNA nucleotides join onto the 3’
end of the growing mRNA & bond with
their complementary base pairs on
the DNA (Remember- A-U, G-C)
3) The RNA that has been produced at
this stage is known as the primary
transcript
The primary transcript now undergoes splicing 18

19. TRANSCRIPTION Hydrogen bonds between DNA bases re-form
DNA coils up into double helix

20. SPLICING

21. Introns and exons
The primary transcript of RNA is composed of introns and exons.
The introns are non-coding regions of genes and so do not appear in the mRNA in eukaryotic cells. The exons are coding regions of genes and so do appear in the mRNA.
The introns of the primary transcript of mRNA are removed in RNA splicing. 21 21

22. RNA splicing
In RNA splicing, the primary transcript is cut at the boundaries between the introns and exons.
The introns are removed and the exons are joined together, to leave a continuous sequence of nucleotides.
The mRNA can then leave the nucleus via a nuclear pore and enter the cytoplasm to
move onto the next stage of
protein synthesis-
TRANSLATION.

23. DNA to Protein

24. Transcription- Do you know ?
How to describe the transcription of DNA into primary and mature RNA transcripts and include the role of RNA polymerase and complementary base pairing.
That the introns of the primary transcript of mRNA are non-coding and are removed in RNA splicing.
The exons are coding regions and are joined together to form mature transcript. This process is called RNA splicing.

25. Translation

26. Translation –what you should know
Describe the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide by tRNA at the ribosome.
tRNA folds due to base pairing to form a triplet anticodon site and an attachment site for a specific amino acid.
Triplet codons on mRNA and anticodons translate the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids.
Start and stop codons exist.
Codon recognition of incoming tRNA, peptide bond formation and exit of tRNA from the ribosome as a polypeptide is formed.

27. TRANSLATION Changing the code on mRNA into a sequence of amino acids.
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Involves ribosomes

28. The ribosome
found in the cytoplasm either floating freely or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Ribosomes floating freely are used to synthesise proteins for use within the cell; those attached to the endoplasmic reticulum synthesise proteins for export or inclusion in the membrane.
Ribosomes are formed from proteins and a third type of RNA known as ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
During translation they allow the mRNA and tRNA to come together.
David S. Goodsell RCSB PDB 28

29. tRNA
Amino acid attachment site
Complementary base pairing occurs between nucleotides within the strand of tRNA, producing tRNA’s distinctive structure. This structure exposes a triplet anticodon site and attachment site for a specific amino acid.
The triplet anticodon site is complementary to the triplet codon site on the mRNA.
Triplet anticodon 29

30. TRANSLATION During translation the mRNA passes through the ribosome.C G
AMINO ACID
tRNA
2) The ribosome binds to the mRNA so that the start codon is in position
ANTI-CODON
RIBOSOME
CODON A G C U
mRNA

31. TRANSLATION
3) The codons are recognised by tRNA, each carrying a particular amino acid. U A U C G A G C U

32. TRANSLATION
4) The appropriate tRNA brings its amino acid to the ribosome as it moves along the mRNA. U C G U A A G C U

33. TRANSLATION U C G U A U C G A G C U

34. TRANSLATION 5) Adjacent amino acids then join with a peptide bond.U C G
5) Adjacent amino acids then join with a peptide bond.
PEPTIDE BOND G A U C G U A A G C U

35. TRANSLATION U A U C G A U C G A G C U

36. TRANSLATION 6) The tRNA then leaves the ribosome. U C G U C G A A G C

37. TRANSLATION
7) This process continues until a stop codon is reached and the polypeptide is released.
POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN G A U C A G C U

38. DNA – mRNA – tRNA - Protein
Complete the sequences of mRNA and tRNA then using Torrance pg 39 find out the names of the amino acids.
DNA - TTACGGCAATGCGGTACCGTTGGGGGCAG
mRNA -
Codons (set of 3 bases)
tRNA -
Anti-codons (set of 3 matching bases)
Protein -

39. DNA – mRNA – tRNA - Protein
DNA - TTACGGCAATGCGGTACCGTTGGGGGCAG
mRNA - AAUGCCGUUACGCCAUGGCAACCCCCGUC
Codons (set of 3 bases)
tRNA - UUACGGCAAUGCGGUACCGUUGGGGGCAG
Anti-codons (set of 3 matching bases)
Protein - aspn– ala – val – thr – pro – try – glu – pro - pro

40. Overview

41. Fate of Protein
The protein is carried in a vesicle from the RER to the Golgi where it is processed and packaged into a vesicle which fuses with the cell membrane.

42. Translation –You should know
The process of translation of mRNA into a polypeptide by tRNA at the ribosome.
tRNA folds due to base pairing to form a triplet anticodon site and an attachment site for a specific amino acid.
Triplet codons on mRNA and anticodons translate the genetic code into a sequence of amino acids.
Start and stop codons exist.
Codon recognition of incoming tRNA, peptide bond formation and exit of tRNA from the ribosome as a polypeptide is formed.

43. Protein synthesis storyboard
You are going to produce a storyboard showing the process of protein synthesis in a number of steps.
For each step you should draw a diagram and give a short description of what is happening.
Use as many boxes as you require to describe the full process.
The steps should be displayed in the correct order, with all the main molecules mentioned.

44. Protein synthesis storyboard44