1. 6.2.1 Population Growth Rate

2. 6.2.1 Compare the terms absolute population growth and population growth rate. (k) Absolute Population Growth refers the total amount of increase (or decrease) regardless of time. Population Growth Rate it is a measure of "how fast is the population growing?" It is measured as the percentage increase in a population over a period of time. The calculation used to provide a measure is known as the Annual Growth Rate (AGR) Formula: AGR = pop. change X 100 ÷ years for change pop. original

3. 6.2.2 Examine trends in the size and growth rate of the population (AGR) Most countries population growth rates are declining. - Especially developed nations. - Generally speaking the more developed the nation the more stable the population. - The worlds population is still growing at a phenomenal rate.

4. 6.2.2 Examine trends in the size and growth rate of the population (AGR) Eg.: Mexico –Mexico’s population changed from 49 million to 72 million between the years 1971 & 1981 –AGR = pop. change X 100 ÷ years for change pop. Original –AGR = 72 – 49 X 100 ÷ 10 = 4.7% (very high) 49

5. 6.2.2 cont. Eg.: Sweden Sweden's population changed from 7.9 million to 8.3 million between the years 1971 & 1981 –AGR = pop. change X 100 ÷ years for change pop. Original –AGR = 8.3 – 7.9 X 100 ÷ 10 = 0.5% (very low) 7.9

6. 6.2.4 Classify a population growth rate as slow-, moderate, or fast-growing Fast growing: AGR > 2% –For example Mexico, between 1971 & 1981, had a fast growing population with an AGR of 4.7% Moderately growing: AGR approximately = 2% Slow growing: AGR < 2% –For example Sweden, between 1971 & 1981, had a slow growing population with an AGR of 0.5%

7. 6.2.3 Demographic Transition Model The "Demographic Transition" is a model that describes population change over time. the observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the past two hundred years or so.

8. 6.2.3 cont.

9. STAGE ONE associated with PreModern times characterized by a balance between HIGH birth rates and HIGH death rates. For example we would expect that native/tribal populations that exist in isolated parts of the world might still exist in the stage where birth rates are high and death rates are high. STAGE TWO associated with Urbanizing or Industrializing Countries rise in population caused by a decline in the death rate while the birth rate remains high This would be the case in lesser developed and developing nations where there is enough health care and nutrition decrease death rates but birth rates are still high. 6.2.3 Demographic Transitions Model, cont.

10. STAGE THREE associated with Mature Industrial Nations Characterized by a move towards population stability through a decline in the birth rate. This would be the case in developing countries and those that have recently become developed nations. STAGE FOUR associated with Post Industrial Nations characterized by stability. In this stage the population age structure has become older. For example Canada, Sweden and other developed nations would be in this stage of the model.

11. 6.2.5Analyze economic conditions that affect a countries AGR Social Indicators reported by the U.N. All of the indicators listed below are found on the UN web site at http://www.un.org/depts/unsd/social/index.htmhttp://www.un.org/depts/unsd/social/index.htm 1.Human settlements (rural vs. urban)Human settlements 2.Water supply and sanitation (availability)Water supply and sanitation 3.Housing (quality of construction)Housing 4.Population Youth and elderly populationsPopulation Youth and elderly populations 5.Health (healthiness & health care accessibility)Health 6.Child-bearing (infant mortality rate)Child-bearing 7.Education (access & quality)Education 8.Literacy (literacy rate)Literacy 9.Income and economic activity (GNP or GDP per capita)Income and economic activity 10.Unemployment (unemployment rate)Unemployment

12. Generally developed countries have a higher population in urban centers. However you can check for yourself by clicking on the link above. UrbanRural Venezuela 87 13 Developed Luxembourg 92 8 Developed South Africa 50 50 Developing Afghanistan 22 78Underdeveloped Bangladesh 25 75Underdeveloped Bolivia 63 37 ????? 6.2.5 Human settlements (rural vs. urban) Human settlements

13. Generally speaking more developed countries have access to clean drinking water & sanitation. (any anomaly below?) clean waterclean sanitation Afghanistan 13 12 Algeria 94 73 Amer. Samoa 100... Angola 38 44 Argentina 79 85 Australia 100 100 6.2.5 Water supply and sanitation (availability)Water supply and sanitation

14. Generally more developed nations have safe housing with a small # of people per ROOM. Persons per room Sweden 0.5 Canada 0.5 France 0.7 India 2.7 Peru 2.0 6.2.5 Housing (Space) Housing

15. Generally more developed nations have better health, better health care facilities, higher life expectancy and lower infant mortality rates. Life Expectancy MaleFemale Canada 76.2 81.8 Afghanistan 43.0 43.5 Botswana 36.5 35.6 India 63.6 64.9 Eq. Guinea 50.4 53.6 6.2.5 Health (healthiness & health care accessibility) Health

16. Births Maternal % per deaths/Women using female 100,000Modern Birth control Australia 1.75 9 72 Chad 6.65 1500+ 1 Canada 1.58 6 75 6.2.5 Child-bearing statistics - higher birth rates & higher maternal morality & lower birth control rates are associated with lesser developed countries.

17. Illiteracy rateMalesFemales Pakistan 40.1 68.9 Spain 1.4 3.2 Yemen 32.5 74.8 Bangladesh 47.7 70.1 Chile 4.1 4.5 6.2.5 Literacy More developed countries have higher literacy rates Literacy

18. GDP per capita US$ Afghanistan 178 Australia 21,319 Cambodia 238 Canada 20,822 Denmark 32,853 6.2.5 Income and economic activity (GNP or GDP per capita) Higher in developed countries Income and economic activity

19. 6.2.5 How does socioeconomic condtions relate to population growth? Higher developed countries generally offer a higher standard of living. –More money –Better health care –Cleaner water –Better education –Etc. Other factors do come into account: –Clean air – Culture

20. 6.2.6 Describe some of the problems that result from overpopulation. 6.2.6 Assigned Readings "Overpopulation: Reality or Exaggeration" on pages 308- 309 of your text book. "Factors affecting birth rates" on pages 313-316. 6.2.6 Assigned Activities Answer the following questions in the discussion forum. –What do you think was the biggest factor contributing to the high birth rates in these countries? –What problems do you see with the population control measures taken by the Chinese government? –How would you propose helping the people of China, India or Mali?

21. 6.2.7 Defend one’s views about the efficacy of controlling population growth. (i) In developed nations family planning, pension plans, easy access to birth control, education and a changing standard of living have all led to a controlled, stable population. However, in lesser developed nations, education, family planning, birth control and pensions are all very difficult to obtain. What plan would you support to help developing nations control their population?

22. 6.2.7 What plan would you support to help developing nations control their population? Legislation by government could make it illegal to have more than a certain number of babies. Is that humane? How do we ensure the correct number. What is done with children over the limit? Some people have proposed that war and famine used to be our natural means of birth control. However if we want to have a manageable plan to control the earth's population surely we cannot let people in famine go unaided or reduce peacekeeping missions. Clearly this is not an option. Increasing education of the masses is correlated with decreased births. Could we help to provide education in developing nations? Is that humane? Pension plans & RRSP's allow us to be secure into our old age and we do not have to worry about having children to take care of us. Is this something we could promote in under-developed nations? In some regions of the world the disparity between the education received by females and males is tremendous. We know that education of women is correlated with decreased births. Is the education of women something we could promote? There is little doubt that birth control is the biggest factor limiting populations in developed nations. Could we provide less expensive birth control for developing nations? Highly developed economies are associated with decreased birth rates. Should we concentrate on supporting improvements to their economies as an ultimate route to controlling birth rates?