1. Radiographic Anatomy RAD 242
Prepared By:
Ala’a Ali Tayem Abed

2. Radiographic Anatomy of the Skeleton
SPINE
1. Cervical Spine.
2. Thoracic Spine.
3. Lumbar Spine.
4. Sacrum Spine.
5. Coccyx Spine.

5. The vertebral column curves
There are 4 normal curves formed by vertebras, two are concave and the other two are convex. The cervical & lumbar curves are an anteriorly convex, The thoracic and sacral curves are anteriorly concave.
The presences of the curve have several functions; these are absorption of shock, maintenance of balance, protection of column from fracture and increasing the strength of the column.

6. Inter Vertebral Discs
Between adjacent vertebrae from 1st Cervical to sacrum there are inter vertebral discs. They are fibro-cartilaginous. Each disc is composed of the Outer Fibrous ring consisting Fibro-Cartilage called Annulus Fibrosis and The Inner Soft, pulpy highly Elastic structure called the Nucleus Pulpous. The disc permits various movement of the vertebral column, absorb shock and form a strong joint.

8. The Spinal Cord
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves which branch off from the spinal cord. In the cervical region of the spinal cord, the spinal nerves exit above the vertebrae. A change occurs with the C7 vertebra however, where the C8 spinal nerve exits the vertebra below the C7 vertebra. Therefore, there is an 8th cervical spinal nerve even though there is no 8th cervical vertebra. From the 1st thoracic vertebra downwards, all spinal nerves exit below their equivalent numbered vertebrae.
The Cauda Equina area is not the true spinal cord. The true spinal cord ends at L1/2. The area below the true spinal cord is called the Conus Medullaris. Immediately below that is the Cauda Equina area.

9. Cervical Spine AP
Lateral

10. Cervical Spine Cervical Spine -- Right Anterior Oblique View
Cervical Spine -- Left Anterior Oblique View

11. Cervical Spine
Cervical Spine -- Open Mouth (Dens) View

12. Cervical spine, AP projection Cervical spine, lateral projection
1. Anterior arch of atlas
2. Axis
3. Body of vertebra
4. Dens of axis
5. Facet joint
6. Transverse foramen
7. Inferior articular process
8. Intervertebral disc
9. Intervertebral foramen
10. Lamina of vertebral arch
11. Lateral atlantoaxial joint
12. Lateral mass of atlas
13. Pedicle
14. Posterior arch of atlas
15. Spinous process
16. Superior articular process
17. Transverse process
18. Uncovertebral joint (joint of Luschka)

13. Cervical spine, AP projection (open mouth)
Cervical spine, oblique projection
1. Anterior arch of atlas
2. Axis
3. Body of vertebra
4. Dens of axis
5. Facet joint
6. Transverse foramen
7. Inferior articular process
8. Intervertebral disc
9. Intervertebral foramen
10. Lamina of vertebral arch
11. Lateral atlantoaxial joint
12. Lateral mass of atlas
13. Pedicle
14. Posterior arch of atlas
15. Spinous process
16. Superior articular process
17. Transverse process
18. Uncovertebral joint (joint of Luschka)

14. Thoracic Spine Thoracic spine, AP projection 1. Body of vertebra
2. Costotransverse joint
3. Costovertebral joint
4. Facet joint
5. Inferior articular process
6. Intervertebral disc
7. Intervertebral foramen
8. Pedicle
9. Rib
10. Spinous process
11. Superior articular process
12. Transverse process

15. Thoracic spine, lateral projection
1. Body of vertebra
2. Costotransverse joint
3. Costovertebral joint
4. Facet joint
5. Inferior articular process
6. Intervertebral disc
7. Intervertebral foramen
8. Pedicle
9. Rib
10. Spinous process
11. Superior articular process
12. Transverse process

16. Lumbar Spine
Lateral AP

17. Lumbar spine, lateral projection
Lumbar spine, AP projection
1. Body of vertebra
2. Facet joint
3. Inferior articular process
4. Intervertebral disc
5. Intervertebral foramen
6. Lamina of vertebral arch
7. Pedicle
8. Sacroiliac joint
9. Spinous process
10. Superior articular process
11. Transverse process

18. Lumbar spine, oblique projection

19. Sacrum Spine Sacrum, AP projection Sacrum, lateral projection
1. Coccyx
2. Intervertebral disc
3. Intervertebral foramen
4. Sacroiliac joint
5. Spinous process

20. Thank You
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