1. The
Cold War
The power point presentation covers the material from Chapter 19 of the Mastering the TEKS in World History book by Jarrett, Zimmer, and Killoran. (pages 324 to 337)

2. Essential Questions
What were the causes and main events of the Cold War?
What factors brought an end to the Cold War?

3. Vocabulary
Communism: A system of social organization in which all economic & social activity is controlled by a totalitarian state.
Arms Race: Competition between countries to have the best, and most, weaponry.
Domino Theory: The theory that if one country is over taken by a Communist party then the neighboring countries will also.
Containment: An act or policy of restricting territorial growth or new ideas.
Solidarity: Unity of responsibility, interests, social classes, or beliefs.

4. Vocabulary
Glasnost: A policy that called for increased openness and transparency in govt institutions & activities in the Soviet Union.
Perestroika: Movement in the Communist party in the 1980s under Mikhail Gorbachev and reforming the govt.
Iron Curtain: Idea by the Soviet Union to block itself and its allies from the west and anti-Communist ideas.
Marshall Plan: American program to aid Europe. USA gave money to Europe after WWII in order to prevent the spread of Communism.

5. The Cold War
After WWII there were two major world powers: the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.
Each “superpower” attempted to extend its influence across the world.
It is a cold war because the two powers never fought directly in open warfare.

6. Roots of the Cold War Western Democracies Soviet Communism
Political System
Citizens elected representatives and national leaders. People had the right to form their own political parties
The Soviet union was a dictatorship controlled by Communist Party leaders. The Communist Party was the only political party permitted to operate.
Individual Rights
Citizens had basic rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of press, and freedom of religion.
Ordinary citizens had few rights. The government controlled radio, television, and newspapers. Secret police arrested all critics of the government. The practice of religion was discouraged.
Economic System
Economic freedom allowed people and corporations to own land and businesses. Businesses provided goods and services in order to make a profit.
Many forms of private property were abolished. With state ownership and central planning, the government controlled all production. Private farms became state-owned collective farms.
How do you think ordinary citizens felt about Communism in the USSR?

7. The Cold War Begins in Europe
1945 Yalta Conference: The Allies agree to divide Germany into 4 separate zones of occupation after the war.
After the war the Soviet army occupied much of eastern Europe and made these countries satellites of Russia.
Winston Churchill said an “iron curtain” had descended on Eastern Europe.
Trade and most communication between Eastern and Western Europe was cut off.

8. Growing American Involvement
Western leaders feared Stalin was another Hitler.
The U.S. was the only country strong enough to oppose the USSR.
Truman Doctrine: US policy to help countries stop the spread of communism in their countries (containment).
Marshall Plan: plan to give Western Europe money to rebuild their countries in order to become trading partners with the US and help resist Communism.
The political cartoon is of Joseph Stalin. Describe the cartoon and explain its meaning.

9. Berlin Airlift and Division of Germany
In 1948 the Western powers began to merge their sections of Germany into one country. Stalin refused to give up East Germany.
Stalin closed all access to Berlin.
The Western powers began airlifting supplies to West Berlin in stop this blockade. Stalin gave this up after a year.
In 1949 the three western zones of Germany became the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).
What is unusual about the name given to East Germany?

10. Berlin Airlift

12. Formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact
In 1949 the US, Canada, and Western Europe formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to protect Western Europe from Soviet aggression. The US pledged to help Europe in an attack from Russia.
In 1955 the USSR created the Warsaw Pact in response to NATO. Hungary tried to drop out but the USSR sent troops to crush this uprising.

13. How the End of WWII Helped Start the Cold War
2 Super Powers
USSR largest military
USA most productive economy and weaponry
Ideological Differences:
USA sought to spread democracy
USSR wanted to spread communism
Soviet Fears:
Germany invaded Russia in USSR wanted Eastern Europe to serve as a buffer zone so they would not be invaded again.
US Leaders Avoid Isolation and Appeasement:
The US no longer followed their policy of isolationism. Did not learn from their mistakes and the mistakes of the French and British
New Weapons:
The atomic bomb made both sides cautious and avoid direct confrontation
The Rise of Communism in Asia:
Japan’s invasion of China weakened the Chinese National Government.
Communist leaders in China used this weakness to assume power in China

14. The Height
of the
Cold War

15. The Nuclear Arms Race 1945 US invents atomic bomb
1949 USSR tests their first atomic bomb
USA and USSR begin building more powerful hydrogen bombs and missiles to deliver them.
1957 USSR launches Sputnik, 1st man made satellite.
USA and USSR realize that these weapons are so destructive that they are deterrents to war.
Instead of fighting each other they help other countries fight limited wars.
Do we still live under the threat of nuclear war today? Explain your answer.

16. Krushchev and Eastern Europe
1953 Stalin died
Nikita Krushchev took over the USSR
He condemned Stalin’s atrocities
He freed many political prisoners
And tried to introduced changes in the Soviet Union.
This triggered unrest in Eastern Europe, where many were unhappy with Communist rule.
Krushchev with President John F. Kennedy
Why would Krushchev’s actions encourage Eastern European countries to cause trouble for the USSR?

17. Problems and Protests in Eastern Europe
Poland: In 1956, workers went on strike and demanded greater freedom. Krushchev allowed Poland to handle the problem as long as they stayed loyal to the USSR.
Hungary: Students led protests in favor of reform. The country threatened to leave the Warsaw Pact. Soviet troops were sent to brutally crush he reform government in 1956.
East Berlin: In 1961, a wall was built around West Berlin to cut off the east from the west. Also barriers were constructed between East and West Germany. The Berlin Wall became a symbol of the Cold War.
Czechoslovakia: In 1968, the country introduced a more liberal form of Communism. The USSR sent tanks in and replaced the leaders with hard-line Communists.

18. The Berlin Wall

20. Communism Comes to Latin America
1958 Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba with a promise of democracy.
Instead he nationalized all businesses and killed any opposition.
The US broke off trade with Cuba.
Castro turned to the USSR for help and made Cuba communist.

21. Cuba and the USA
Bay of Pigs: 1961 Cuban exiles invaded Cuba with US training and supplies.
The US refused to send air support and the invasion failed.
Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962 a US spy plane discovered that Cuba planned to house nuclear missiles on the island.
The US blockaded Cuba to stop the USSR from delivering the missiles.
The USSR backed down and the US promised not to invade Cuba. Krushchev was removed from power because of his failure in the crisis.
Explain the political cartoon

22. The War in Vietnam
Communist North Vietnam launched a guerrilla war against democratic South Vietnam.
In 1964 the US began sending troops to aid South Vietnam in an attempt to stop the spread of communism.
The US sent troops, helicopters, and planes to assist in the war but was never able to turn the tide in favor of the south.
In 1968 the Tet Offensive showed how strong the Viet Cong could be.
In 1973 US troops withdrew from Vietnam.
In 1975 South Vietnam fell to North Vietnam and became communist.
Many South Vietnamese fled the country, some even came to the US.

23. The End of the Cold War

24. Soviet Stagnation
Period in which the USSR failed to advance in its goals.
Communist economic planners were unable to predict people’s needs.
Soviet workers had no incentive to work. Farms failed to produce enough food. Factory made goods were of poor quality
The standard of living dropped. Alcoholism and corruption increased.
The command economy was unable to keep up with the free market economy of the West.
Soviet troops had to be sent in when countries began to question Communism.
Soviet citizens were imprisoned when they questioned the government. Natan Sharansky was imprisoned for 9 years after demanding human rights.

25. The Gorbachev Years (1985-1991)
Glasnost: a more open USSR
-free speech
-free press
-dissidents were released from prison
-Soviet Jews were allowed to emigrate
-Citizens elected their own government
Foreign Policy:
Withdrew troops from Afghanistan
Entered into talks with the US to reduce nuclear weapons
Allowed Eastern European countries self government.
Perestroika: an economic reform
-moved away from central planning
-allowed more individual initiative
-people could form small businesses
-factory managers were given greater control of production
-foreign countries were invited to invest in the USSR

26. The Iron Curtain Falls in Eastern Europe
1978 Polish Cardinal becomes Pope John Paul II.
He inspired Lech Walesa to create an independent trade union in Poland, Solidarity.
The government tried to crush the movement from 1981 to 1983.
Gorbachev did not allow the use of force after 1985.
In 1989 Walesa led a strike at the Gdansk shipyard.
Poland became the 1st Soviet controlled country to elect a non-communist government.
Other Eastern European countries soon followed Poland.
In 1989 the Berlin Wall was torn down and East and West Germany reunified.

27. Gorbachev’s Problems Grow
Gorbachev’s policies did not solve the economic problems.
Glasnost unleashed nationalism and social discontent.
Non Russian nations, forced into the USSR, began seeking independence.
The Russian Republic also became nationalistic. In 1991 they elected Boris Yeltsin as president. He began asserting Russian authority over Gorbachev’s Communist government.
Gorbachev could do nothing without returning to the policy of repression.
President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.

28. The Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1991
Hard line Communists overthrew Gorbachev in a military coup in 1991.
They were unable to hold onto power and the Communist Party was discredited.
Gorbachev, back in power, recognized the independence of Lithuania and the Baltic States.
By the end of 1991 Russia, Belarus, and the Ukraine also declared their independence.
They formed the Commonwealth of Independent States, which other former Soviet states also joined to work together.
Gorbachev resigned as President at the end of 1991.

29. The Reunification of Germany
By the end of 1990 East and West Germany had been formed back into one country.
They merged their currency and moved the capital to Berlin.

30. Communist
China
The power point presentation covers the material from Chapter 19 of the Mastering the TEKS in World History book by Jarrett, Zimmer, and Killoran. (pages 329 to 331 and 337 to 338)

31. The Cold War
Reaches Asia

32. The Communist Revolution in China
Chinese leader Chiang Kai-Shek fought both the Japanes and Communists in WW2.
In 1937 the Communists, under Mao Zedong agreed to help fight the Japanese.
After Japan was defeated the 2 sides started fighting again.
The Soviets helped the Communists and they drove the Nationalists out of China and into Taiwan in 1949.
All aspects of Chinese life came under the control of the Communists.
Mao felt that role of the peasant was important and so he emphasized that lifestyle.
How do you think Chinese citizens reacted to these changes?

33. Changes to China Under Mao
Elimination of the “Capitalist Class”
Landowners, factory-owners, village leaders, and better peasants were considered to be the “capitalist class”. The Communists said these exploited others. At least 1 million of these so-called “capitalists” were killed.
Reeducation
Communist beliefs became required learning in all universities and schools. Newspapers and books were brought under the control of the government and had to promote Communism. Even art and music came under the direct supervision of the government.
The Family
Family authority was replaced by the authority of the Communist Party. Children were taught to obey the state, not their parents. Ancestor worship, which had once promoted family tradition, was forbidden. This prohibition further weakened the father’s traditional role as the family leader.

34. The “Great Leap Forward”
In 1956 Mao forced peasants into cooperative farms where families worked together and shared the crops.
In 1958 He introduced his 5 Year Plan to make China an industrial power.
The 5 Year Plan proposed the building of dams, roads, and factories. This failed due to poor planning and high costs.
Because of this million people died of starvation.
Card issued to celebrate the Great Leap Forward
Describe the card and its meaning

35. The Korean War (1950-1953) Korea was divided in 1945.
In 1950 Communist North Korea invaded Democratic South Korea.
The United Nations, led by the US, sent troops to aid South Korea.
When the UN forces pushed the North Koreans to the Chinese border China intervened on behalf of North Korea.
In 1953 a compromise ended the war. The compromise left North and South Korea divided.
What role did China play in the war?

36. The Cultural Revolution
In 1962 Mao introduced the Cultural Revolution to bring China towards the ideal Communist community.
Reasons for the Revolution:
Border disputes and Mao’s condemnation of the USSR led to open disagreements between the two.
Loss of enthusiasm for communism in the Communist Party
Wanted to cover up his mistakes in the Great Leap Forward
Mao’s sayings in his “Little Red Book” served as the blueprint for the program
Describe the poster above. What message is it trying to send?

37. The Red Guards In 1966, Mao closed China’s universities and schools.
He invited 11 million students to Beijing as Red Guards.
The Red Guards went throughout China attacking the nation’s professional for not embracing communist ideals.
They forced these educated men and women to work in the fields. Many were tortured and killed.
Mao had to use the army to control the Red Guard.
This led to a shortage of food and goods.
Eventually he sent the Red Guard back to the countryside to help with the farming
Based on Mao’s policies evaluate him as a leader.

38. Changes Come to China
After Mao died in 1976, China introduced free enterprise without giving up political power. The new leader, Deng Xiaoping’s goal was to modernize China by reforming its economy.
Land Reforms: Communes were outlaws and peasants were able to rent the land. This led to greater production and self sufficiency in food for China.
Limited Capitalism: Individuals could own businesses and hire workers. The private sector became responsible for much of China’s industrial output.
New Factory Management: Less central planning was allowed and factory managers and workers could sell their products to private buyers for a profit.
Foreign Investment: Foreign investment was allowed. This brought capital and high technology to China. Foreign companies were allowed joint ventures with Chinese companies
Consumer Goods: China began producing more consumer goods, such as radios and televisions.

39. Tiananmen Square and the Limits of Reform
China encouraged economic reform but remained Communist.
In 1989 college students demonstrated peacefully for personal freedom and democracy.
When the students refused to leave army tanks fired on them killing hundreds.
In response, Western leaders reduced trade for a brief time.
China has become the fastest growing economy in the world.