1. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Biochemistry Notes
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2. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions
How does chemistry relate to Biology?
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3. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Elements
An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down
There are over 100 known elements, 92 of which occur naturally.
Each element has a unique name and symbol.
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4. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
The Periodic Table of Elements
Horizontal rows are called periods.
Vertical columns are called groups.
Organized by number of protons, and therefore also organized by properties (groups)
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5. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Chemistry = study of matter.
Atoms are the building blocks of matter.
Neutrons and protons are located at the nucleus of the atom.
Protons are positively charged particles.
Neutrons are particles that have no charge.
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6. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside the nucleus.
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7. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Atomic Number: number of protons in the nucleus of an element (atom). In a neutral atom, this is also the number of electrons.
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8. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Atomic Mass: the number of protons & neutrons in the nucleus of an element (atom).
Find the neutrons only:
Atomic mass-atomic number=neutrons
Ex: Carbon Picture
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9. Chemical Bonds hold atoms, molecules and compounds together
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Chemical Bonds hold atoms,
molecules and compounds
together
Two types of chemical bonds:
Covalent bonds
Electrons are shared evenly between atoms
Ionic bonds
Atoms are oppositely charged and electrons are therefore given to the “stronger” atom.
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10. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds O2
H20
NaCl N2
CO2 H2
A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically.
A compound is a molecule that contains at least two different elements.
All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.
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11. Ex: crushing a can, melting an ice cube.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Reactions
A physical reaction does not produce a new substance, but involves a change in the state of matter.
Ex: crushing a can, melting an ice cube.
A chemical reaction is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances.
Ex: rusting, combustion (burning), cooking an egg
Chemical reaction
Physical reaction

12. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Chemical Equations
Chemical equations describe the substances in the reaction and arrows indicate the process of change.
Reactants are the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow.
Products are the substances formed during the reaction, on the right side of the arrow.
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13. C6H12O6 + 6O2  6C02 + 6H20 Example reaction:
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Example reaction:
Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water.
Critical thinking: What biochemical process does this chemical equation represent???
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6C02 + 6H20
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14. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Energy of Reactions
Energy diagrams illustrate the progress and available energy of a chemical reaction.
The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction.
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15. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Energy of Reactions
All chemical reactions either take in energy or release energy.
Exothermic reactions: release heat energy.
Endothermic reactions: absorbs heat energy.
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16. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy.
The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants.
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17. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy.
The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants.
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18. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Enzymes
Enzymes are special proteins
that help to speed up
chemical reactions by acting
as catalyst and lessening the
activation energy.
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19. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Enzymes
A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
It does not increase how
much product is made and it does not get used
up in the reaction.
Enzymes are biological catalysts.
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20. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions- How do they Work???
The substance acted upon by the enzyme is called the substrate.
The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site.
Fits together like a lock and key
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21. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions in living organisms.
Enzymes used for:
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration
Growth
Waste removal
DNA replication
Movement
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22. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells
Enzymes in Action
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23. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Organic Chemistry
The study of all compounds containing the element CARBON
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24. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains, and rings.
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25. What is a macromolecule?
A giant molecule made up of 100’s or 1000’s or smaller units called MONOMERS
Monomers link together to form large POLYMERS
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26. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Macromolecules
Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules.
Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.
Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds.
monomers + monomers + monomers = polymers
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27. The 4 types of macromolecules:
NUCLEIC ACIDS
CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINS
LIPIDS
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CARBOHYDRATES
Made up of C,H,O
Used as main source of energy
Sugars: quick source of energy
Monosaccharide-simple sugar, disaccharide-2 sugars
Ex: glucose, lactose, fructose, sucrose
Starches: many sugars linked together, source of energy breaking down slower. Polysaccharides.
Used by plants for energy storage
Ex: potatoes, pasta, bread, grains
Two types:
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29. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
Figure 2-13 A Starch
Section 2-3
Starch
Glucose
Carbohydrates can provide structure – such as cellulose!
Go to Section:
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30. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Lipids
Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen
No true monomers, but consist of glycerol and fatty acids
A triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room temperature and an oil if it is liquid at room temperature.
Ex: fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids
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31. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds are called saturated fats.
Lipids that have at least one double bond in the tail chain are called unsaturated fats.
Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats.
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32. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
LIPIDS
Made up mainly of C & H
Used to store energy, insulation & protection
Usually not soluble in water
Saturated: has maximum number of H bonds, usually solid at room temperature
Unsaturated: at least one double bond, usually liquid
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33. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Proteins
A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids
Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
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34. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
The other three bonds are with an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a variable group (–R).
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35. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
PROTEINS
Made up of C,H,O,N
Made up of groups called amino acids (20 in nature)
proteins have a large variety of sizes & shapes
If the shape changes, it becomes a new protein
Ex: when you boil an egg, the protein changes color, shape
Found in muscles, cell membrane
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36. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.
Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides, composed of sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base.
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37. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells
Nucleic Acids
Made up of H,O,N,C & P
Store and transmit genetic information
Made up of nucleotides
Two types: DNA & RNA
SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells