2. Stockholm Environment Institute Johan Rockström Executive Director Bridging science and policy

3. SEI bridges science and policy Independent, international research institute Established by the Swedish Government 1989 Headquarters in Stockholm Supports decision making in the field of sustainable development

4. Stockholm Environment Institute

5. SEI Board John Schellnhuber Director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research Youba Sokona Executive Secretary of the Sahara and Sahel Observatory Monthip S. Tabucanon Inspector General Thai Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Jim Skea Research Director UK Energy Research Centre Ulla-Britt Fräjdin-Hellqvist Fräjdin & Hellqvist AB Carl Folke Director of the Beijer Institute Science Director Stockholm Resilience Centre Lena Ek Member of the European Parliament Patrick Büker SEI staff representative Research focuses on the impacts of air pollution Kerstin Niblaeus Chair of the SEI Board Sukaina Bharawani SEI staff representative Research on poverty and vulnerability scenarios Lidia Brito Assistant Professor in Wood Science and Technology at Eduardo Mondlane University Johan Rockström Executive Director Stockholm Environment Institute Stockholm Resilience Centre Angela Cropper Co-founder and President of The Cropper Foundation Deputy Director of UNEP

6. Research Themes Managing Environmental Systems Lisa Emberson, Elisabeth Kvarnström, David Purkey Reducing Climate Risk Richard Klein, Lisa Schipper, Sivan Kartha Transforming Governance Åsa Greger Swartling, Neil Powell, Bharwani Sukaina Rethinking Development Eric-Kemp Benedict, Kaja Peterson, Roelich Katy Executive Team Johan Rockström, Executive Director Måns Nilsson, Deputy Director Research Johan KuylenstiernaSE, Dep. Director Operations, CD SEI Stockholm Lailai Li, Deputy Director Policy impacts, CD SEI Asia Bob Stetina, Head of Finances Ylva Rylander, Head of Communications Research Centers Centre Directors SEI Africa, Anders Arvidsson SEI Asia, Lailai Li SEI US, Charlie Heaps SEI York, Johan Kuylenstierna UK SEI Oxford, Ruth Butterfield SEI Tallinn, Tea Nõmmann SEI Stockholm, Johan Kuylenstierna SE SEI Board Steering Committee Centre Directors, Theme leaders and Executive Team

7. SEI research themes Reducing Climate Risk Managing Environmental Systems Transforming Governance Rethinking Development

9. Triple-Green Investigating synergy effects of improved nutrient, soil and water management in Niger Conservation agriculture Water harvesting Productive sanitation

10. Model developed by SEI Used for a study quoted by The New York Times Showing water scarcity in the US

11. Flagship initiatives Integrated Sustainable Sanitation The Green-Blue Water Initiative in the Blue Nile Basin Co-Benefits in Addressing Climate Change, Development and Air Pollution From Global Scenarios to Practical Policies for Transformation and Development African Knowledge Platform for Bioresources Assessment and Policy Support Sustainable Pathways to Attaining the Millennium Development Goals

12. Towards a Coherent Swedish Response to International Agricultural Development under the mandate of the Policy for Global Development (PGD)

13. agriculture matters SIANI Swedish International Agricultural Network Initiative Lecture on Agricultural Production in Developing Countries for CEMUS - Urban Agriculture, Permaculture and Local Food Systems, Center for Environment and Development Studies (CSD), Uppsala University, June 7 th, 2011

14. www.siani.se melinda.sundell@sei.se 1. An independent, multi-stakeholder platform for government, civil society, private sector, research and education sectors 2. A network aiming to connect Swedish actors to international policy processes related to agriculture as driver of change in economic growth and poverty alleviation, food security, climate change and sustainable development. agriculture matters What is SIANI?

15. www.siani.se melinda.sundell@sei.se agriculture matters How does it work?  Financed by Sida  Hosted by Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)  Guided by an Advisory Group independent of both Sida and SEI (13 members; 3 academia, 2 private sector, 4 government and 4 NGO/Civil Society)  Coordinated by a Secretariat (2.5 tjänster + interns)  Responsive to member input and initiative

16. www.siani.se melinda.sundell@sei.se agriculture matters Potential Subject Matter Areas

17. www.siani.se melinda.sundell@sei.se agriculture matters What does SIANI do?  Organises and facilitates seminars and workshops  Facilitates expert groups and issue based clusters  Synthesizes the understanding of specific issues in the form of policy briefs and concept notes  Implements strategic initiatives at request of government institutions  Facilitates dialogues, including member to member contact on the website database

18. agriculture matters THANK YOU! OBRIGADA! ASENTENI! Melinda Sundell, Coordinator Email: melinda.sundell@sei.semelinda.sundell@sei.se Mob: +46 (0)73 707 8613 Olivia Taghioff, Project Officer Email: olivia.taghioff@sei.seolivia.taghioff@sei.se Mob: +46 (0)73 460 7693 Benita Forsman, Member Services Email: benita.forsman@sei.sebenita.forsman@sei.se

19. www.siani.se melinda.sundell@sei.se agriculture matters Background Agricultural Economist with over 35 years experience in managing private and public sector organizations; research and consulting Long term (>5 years) resident of Sweden, USA, Nicaragua &Tanzania Resident (1-5 years) Ethiopia & Mozambique; Consultant in 11 other countries in Africa & Latin America Mother of 4, Grandmother of 2(evidence of successful logistics & team building) Currently: Senior Research Fellow and Project Coordinator for Swedish International Network Initiative (SIANI) based at Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)

20. Some themes selected by your course organizers for today’s lecture: Globalised food production and distribution systems, what works and doesn’t work The effect of market forces and government policies on agricultural production How local producers in developing, and developed, countries perceive the global food system The effect of consumer demand and food preferences My personal opinion of the role of urban agriculture and local food systems in future food security

21. Prioritization Criteria What is important to understand What I have some experience with What is possible to cover in a two hour session where the lecturer is not be the only one who speaks

22. The effect of market forces and government policy on agricultural production Agricultural production from market and policy perspective is a business; agriculture is not gardening and should be efficient In the 70’s & 80’s the state sought to replace the market in many developing countries; developed countries settled for heavy regulation Obvious economic inefficiency and the ”impact of failure” backed up by international money led to the call for ”structural adjustment” which did not always stop at adjustment

23. Government policies Cheap food for the urban areas Development is the move from land-based production to industry and services Export incomes bring in much needed hard currency Agriculture is not about food or nourishment; it is about food, feed, fiber and fuel products

24. WDR 2008 – Turning point for Agricultural Policy? While 75 percent of the world’s poor live in rural areas in developing countries, a mere 4 percent of official development assistance goes to agriculture. In Sub-Saharan Africa, a region heavily reliant on agriculture for overall growth, public spending for farming is also only 4 percent of total government spending and the sector is still taxed at relatively high levels. For the poorest people, GDP growth originating in agriculture is about four times more effective in raising incomes of extremely poor people than GDP growth originating outside the sector. FOOD SECURITY??

25. The Agenda for Urbanized Countries Include smallholders in the new food markets, which requires, among other instruments, greater access to land and skills for the new agriculture. Improve productivity in subsistence agriculture and provide social assistance, together with payments for environmental services to create incentives for conservation. Follow a territorial approach to promote the rural nonfarm economy and enhance skills to give access to the jobs and investment opportunities offered by growth of the rural nonfarm economy.

26. White Paper 2009: Eliminating World Poverty: Building Our Common Future Page 28: We will: support agriculture and food security, through the new Global Partnership for Agriculture Food Security and Nutrition, doubling our support to agricultural research, delivering £1 billion of commitments, and more funding for partnerships with business. Agriculture– the ‘best bets’ DFID’s five year investment in agriculture research will be used to develop ‘best bets’, the innovations with the greatest potential to lift poor people out of poverty, and to getting these into widespread use. Best bets include: tackling new pests which attack staple crops, such as virulent wheat rust and cassava viruses. This will cost £20 million but could help protect almost three billion people who depend on these crops for their food. breeding drought-resistance maize for Africa. This will cost up to £60 million but will help 320 million farmers in Africa who are affected by drought and will indirectly benefit many more likely to be affected by climate change. improving the vitamin content of staple crops. To develop these crops and get them into widespread use will cost around £80 million but it has the potential to help improve the nutrition of up to 670 million of the poorest people, many of them children.

27. How local producers in developing countries perceive the global food system Many smallholders in Africa have no conception of a global food system Most food is produced and consumed locally and this is traditionally an economic indicator of underdevelopment

28. Nicaraguan Coffee Exports to Sweden; a success story Agricultural program in an area with agricultural potential, not just extreme poverty Good market/product match Production systems where large and small are interdependent, the fabric of rural life Support at all levels (Govt, Donor, Business)

29. The effect of consumer demand and food preferences Food preferences are learned and can prove difficult to unlearn, even in the face of information Eating is not scientifically fueling the human body, it is an emotional activity above all The best entry point for enlightened food choices is with parents of young children Boycotts only function with items that can easily be foregone or substituted

30. Globalised food production and distribution systems, what works and doesn’t work... What works depends on who you are... Economically speaking, the globalised food production works, it satisfies effective demand with calories Globalised food production pushes the issue of traceability, and the more complicated the value chain, the more difficult this is Globalised also increases the vulnerability of both producer and consumer

31. My personal opinion of the role of urban agriculture and local food systems in future food security... Urban ”agriculture” will never produce food in enough volume to be economically significant for most crops Agricultural methods with limited land resources is important in poverty reduction In spite of its complementary role to rural agriculture, urban agriculture can play a vital role in sensitivizing normal people to the complexity of biological production and the quality possible in fresh produce