1. Happiness and Well-being in Turbulent Times 9 th December 2008 Centre for Confidence & Well-being, Glasgow Nic Marks Founder of centre for well-being nef (the new economics foundation)

2. Turbulent Times?  What do we mean by Well-being?  The Foresight Project  A Dynamic Model of Well-being  Values and Well-being  Five Ways to Well-being  Happy Planet Index

3. What do we mean by “well-being”? Well-being = The quality of people’s experience of their lives WHO definition of health as: “A state of complete physical, mental and social well- being, and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity”: 1946

4. What do we mean by “well-being”? Well-being = The quality of people’s experience of their lives WHO definition of health as: “A state of complete physical, mental and social well- being, and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity”: 1946 dynamic

5. What do we mean by “well-being”? Well-being = The quality of people’s experience of their lives “Feeling good AND doing well” A 1960s definition of self-esteem…

6. The Foresight Project  Sponsored by DIUS – Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills  Two year project, reported in October 2008  Involved over 400 experts – neuroscience to economics

7. Mental Capital This encompasses a person’s cognitive and emotional resources. It includes their cognitive ability, how flexible and efficient they are at learning, and their “emotional intelligence”, such as their social skills and resilience in the face of stress. It therefore conditions how well an individual is able to contribute effectively to society, and also to experience a high personal quality of life. The idea of “capital” naturally sparks association with ideas of financial capital and it is both challenging and natural to think of the mind in this way.

8. Mental Well-Being This is a dynamic state, in which the individual is able to develop their potential, work productively and creatively, build strong and positive relationships with others, and contribute to their community. It is enhanced when an individual is able to fulfil their personal and social goals and achieve a sense of purpose in society.

9. The Foresight Project Main Findings:  Early Intervention is crucial  Small increases in well-being can produce a decrease in mental health problems  Substantial scope for improving how to tackle the huge problem of mental ill-health – which costs £77 billion a year

10. Enabling conditions Psychological resources A dynamic model of well-being

11. Enabling conditions Psychological resources A dynamic model of well-being Mental Capital

12. Enabling conditions Psychological resources e.g. resilience, optimism, self-esteem e.g. opportunities and obstacles, inequalities, social norms, culture A dynamic model of well-being

13. Enabling conditions Psychological resources e.g. resilience, optimism, self-esteem e.g. opportunities and obstacles, inequalities, social norms, culture A dynamic model of well-being

14. Enabling conditions Psychological resources Functioning well and satisfaction of needs e.g. resilience, optimism, self-esteem e.g. opportunities and obstacles, inequalities, social norms, culture A dynamic model of well-being

15. Enabling conditions Psychological resources Functioning well and satisfaction of needs e.g. to be autonomous, competent, and connected to others e.g. resilience, optimism, self-esteem e.g. opportunities and obstacles, inequalities, social norms, culture A dynamic model of well-being

16. Enabling conditions Psychological resources Functioning well and satisfaction of needs Experience of life e.g. to be autonomous, competent, and connected to others e.g. resilience, optimism, self-esteem e.g. opportunities and obstacles, inequalities, social norms, culture A dynamic model of well-being

17. Enabling conditions Psychological resources Functioning well and satisfaction of needs Experience of life e.g. to be autonomous, competent, and connected to others e.g. resilience, optimism, self-esteem e.g. opportunities and obstacles, inequalities, social norms, culture A dynamic model of well-being Well-Being

18. Enabling conditions Psychological resources Functioning well and satisfaction of needs Experience of life e.g. to be autonomous, competent, and connected to others e.g. resilience, optimism, self-esteem e.g. opportunities and obstacles, inequalities, social norms, culture e.g. happiness, satisfaction, interest, boredom and distress A dynamic model of well-being

19. Enabling conditions Psychological resources Functioning well and satisfaction of needs Experience of life e.g. to be autonomous, competent, and connected to others e.g. resilience, optimism, self-esteem e.g. opportunities and obstacles, inequalities, social norms, culture e.g. happiness, satisfaction, interest, boredom and distress A dynamic model of well-being

20. GDP and Life Satisfaction A Challenge to the Political Status Quo

21. Year of Widowhood Micro data: Widowhood and Well-being

22. Micro data: Divorce and Well-being Year of Divorce

23. Micro data: Marriages and Well-being

24. Diminishing marginal returns of well-being to income

28. Income & Social Connections

31. Turbulent Times?  What do we mean by Well-being?  The Foresight Project  A Dynamic Model of Well-being  Values and Well-being  Five Ways to Well-being  Happy Planet Index

32. Tim KASSER: values circumplex Reference: Grouzet, F., Kasser, T., Ahuvia, A., Fernández, J.M., Kim, Y., Lau, S., Ryan, R., Saunders, S., Schmuck, P., & Sheldon, K. (2005). The structure of goal contents across 15 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 800-816.

33. Tim KASSER: values circumplex

37. People with more extrinsic values have… Higher levels of: –anxiety –depression –physical symptoms (e.g. sleeplessness, headaches) –unpleasant emotions –drug & alcohol use Lower levels of: –vitality –satisfaction with their lives –pleasant emotions

38. People with more extrinsic values show… Less pro-social and more anti-social behaviour Less empathy for others Greater competitiveness Less inclination to shared & act generously And critically… higher ecological footprints and perform fewer positive environmental behaviors Report less concern for the environment

39. And we’re moving in the wrong direction.. Be very well off financially Develop a meaningful philosophy of life

40. Turbulent Times?  What do we mean by Well-being?  The Foresight Project  A Dynamic Model of Well-being  Values and Well-being  Five Ways to Well-being  Happy Planet Index

41. Five ways to well-being Commissioned by the Foresight Project – the brief was as below: Building on the findings of the draft outputs of the Mental Capacity and Wellbeing Project, Foresight would like to develop an evidence-based wellbeing equivalent of the health promotion dictum “five fruit and vegetables a day”.

42. Enabling conditions Psychological resources Functioning well and satisfaction of needs Experience of life e.g. to be autonomous, competent, and connected to others e.g. resilience, optimism, self-esteem e.g. opportunities and obstacles, inequalities, social norms, culture e.g. happiness, satisfaction, interest, boredom and distress A dynamic model of well-being

43. Enabling conditions Psychological resources Functioning well and satisfaction of needs Experience of life e.g. to be autonomous, competent, and connected to others e.g. resilience, optimism, self-esteem e.g. opportunities and obstacles, inequalities, social norms, culture e.g. happiness, satisfaction, interest, boredom and distress A dynamic model of well-being

44. Five ways to well-being

45. Connect… With the people around you. With family, friends, colleagues and neighbours. At home, work, school or in your local community. Think of these as the cornerstones of your life and invest time in developing them. Building these connections will support and enrich you every day.

46. Five ways to well-being Be active… Go for a walk or run. Step outside. Cycle. Play a game. Garden. Dance. Exercising makes you feel good. Most importantly, discover a physical activity you enjoy and that suits your level of mobility and fitness.

47. Five ways to well-being Take notice… Be curious. Catch sight of the beautiful. Remark on the unusual. Notice the changing seasons. Savour the moment, whether you are walking to work, eating lunch or talking to friends. Be aware of the world around you and what you are feeling. Reflecting on your experiences will help you appreciate what matters to you.

48. Five ways to well-being Keep learning… Try something new. Rediscover an old interest. Sign up for that course. Take on a different responsibility at work. Fix a bike. Learn to play an instrument or how to cook your favourite food. Set a challenge you will enjoy achieving. Learning new things will make you more confident as well as being fun.

49. Five ways to well-being Give… Do something nice for a friend, or a stranger. Thank someone. Smile. Volunteer your time. Join a community group. Look out, as well as in. Seeing yourself, and your happiness, linked to the wider community can be incredibly rewarding and creates connections with the people around you.

50. Turbulent Times?  What do we mean by Well-being?  The Foresight Project  A Dynamic Model of Well-being  Values and Well-being  Five Ways to Well-being  Happy Planet Index

51. HPI in Europe over time

52. HPI 2050: Sustainable Living 2050 60 - 80% reduction in CO 2 emissions Life Expectancy 80yrs Life Satisfaction 8/10 Resource efficiency to improve by over 80%

53. Creating Timely Feedback Loops 2050 60 - 80% reduction in CO 2 emissions Life Expectancy 80yrs Life Satisfaction 8/10 Resource efficiency to improve by over 80%

54. Three recent reports Measuring Wellbeing in Policy; Sam Thompson, Nic Marks; Foresight & nef; Oct 08 Local Wellbeing – can we measure it? ; Nicola Steuer, Nic Marks; Young Foundation & nef; Sept 08 Five Ways to Wellbeing: the evidence; Jody Aked, Nic Marks; Foresight & nef; Oct 08

55. Three recent reports Measuring Wellbeing in Policy; Sam Thompson, Nic Marks; Foresight & nef; Oct 08 Local Wellbeing – can we measure it? ; Nicola Steuer, Nic Marks; Young Foundation & nef; Sept 08 Five Ways to Wellbeing: the evidence; Jody Aked, Nic Marks; Foresight & nef; Oct 08 Forthcoming: National Accounts of Well-being; January 2009 Happy Planet Index; July 2009

56. nef’s centre for well-being well-being@neweconomics.org Reports downloadable from www.neweconomics.org Nic Marks: nic.marks@neweconomics.org