1. NATURVÅRDSVERKET/SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15-06-031 Energy, Resource and Waste Management The Swedish Sector Tekn Dr Husamuddin Ahmadzai Swedish EPA Http://www.naturvardsverket.se

2. NATURVÅRDSVERKET/SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15-06-032 Swedish Environmental Goals In 1999 the Parliament adopted 15 quality objectives for long term sustainability: Climate Clean air Natural acidification Non-toxic environ Stratospheric Ozone Radiation Mountain landscape Eutrophication Lake and rivers Ground water Marine & coastal env Wetlands Forests Agriculture Habitat

3. NATURVÅRDSVERKET/SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15-06-033 Introduction 1/2 About 25% of total GHG emissions (ca 73 M t CO2-eq) emanate from industry. Approximately 80 % of CO2 emanating from the industrial sector is from the energy intensive industry: Mt CO2 Metal production (Fe & non-Fe):4,2 Paper industry: 2,9 Mineral industry: 2,8 Fossil, fuel, district heating, waste, refinery products: 2,1 The energy intensive industry consumes ca 70% of total industrial consumption of El (54 TWh) The energy intensive industry gives rise to 99 % of waste (of total 73,1 M t (2002).

4. NATURVÅRDSVERKET/SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15-06-034 Introduction 2/2 Mining & Metallurgical industry in Sweden Is a production leader in EU-15 & EU25 in Fe, Top 3 in EU-25 for Cu, Pb, Zn Primary and secondary (iron & steel) Primary and secondary non-ferrous (Al, Cu, Pb, ZnO, refractory metals, ferro-alloys)

5. NATURVÅRDSVERKET/SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15-06-035 Instruments Combination of legislative, economic and information exchange: Environmental Legislative Framework Carbon and energy taxes, NOx levies Investment incentives (LIP, KLIMP), remediation programmes Green certificates Quality certification (EMAS, ISO) Emission Trading, JI, CDM Sectoral approaches (voluntary programmes) Information campaigns

6. NATURVÅRDSVERKET/SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15-06-036 Environ. Law Framework In force since 1 January 1999 Rules of consideration: Knowledge BAT Site selection (Environment, human health) Conservation of RM, Energy, Recycle. Renewables Chemical products Reasonable costs and benefits Remediation Activity restriction

7. NATURVÅRDSVERKET/SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15-06-037 Best Available Techniques About 1000 IPPC installations addressed by the IPPC Directive 96/61/EC. About 600 installations addressed by the Emission Trading Directive 2003/87/EC. National cap 22,9 M t CO2. 30% of total CO2 emissions

8. NATURVÅRDSVERKET/SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15-06-038 Metals, Resource Use, & the Environment. Challenges Metal consumption (kg/capita-year) 19952020%-change Sweden370240- 35 Global125185+48

9. NATURVÅRDSVERKET/SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15-06-039 Metal Resources Percent metal consumption in Sweden based on recycled material Metal19952020 Al5075 Cu4075 Fe8590 Pb5095 Overall Total8090

10. NATURVÅRDSVERKET/SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15-06-0310 Potential for Improvement Environment & Energy. Metal Produced & Consumed in SE ParameterUnit19952020Percent NOxt/y48001500- 70 St/y3400800- 75 Dust incl. HMt/y2600400- 85 CO2 (marg)t/y10 M3 M- 70 Total EnergyPJ/y5420- 60

11. NATURVÅRDSVERKET/SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15-06-0311 Conclusion (1/3) Key Swedish energy intensive sectors, including metallurgical sector by 2020 have undergone structural changes. Product development, increased energy prices and more effective use of energy and recycling are expected to play a key role.

12. NATURVÅRDSVERKET/SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15-06-0312 Conclusion (2/3) Total specific energy requirement for primary metal production is highest for aluminium compared to steel and copper. Specific energy requirement for secondary metal recycling is highest for steel. Demand for aluminium is expected to increase. Energy prices are expected to increase by 2020 whereby production of primary aluminium in Sweden would be threatened unless new technology and investments are made.

13. NATURVÅRDSVERKET/SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 15-06-0313 Conclusion (3/3) Investment constraints may result in secondary aluminium replacement of primary Al-production. By 2020 it is expected that structural changes, application of contemporary BAT, more efficient energy utilisation, compatible and flexible environmental tools, such as Emission Trading (JI & CDM) have reduced specific releases of CO2, NOx, SOx, Hg, Cd to levels facilitating sustainable development.