1. Biochemistry Biology

2. I. Basics of Chemistry A. The Atom A. The Atom 1. ______________________________ 1. ______________________________ 2. Made of a __________________ surrounded by a cloud of negative particles called ____________. 2. Made of a __________________ surrounded by a cloud of negative particles called ____________. 3. All elements are listed on the _____________. 3. All elements are listed on the _____________. Periodic Table positive nucleus electrons Smallest unit of any element

3. I. Basics of Chemistry A. The Atom A. The Atom 4. Elements in the body: 4. Elements in the body: Oxygen (65%) Oxygen (65%) Carbon (18%) Carbon (18%) Hydrogen (10%) Hydrogen (10%) Nitrogen (3%) Nitrogen (3%) Calcium (1.5%) Calcium (1.5%) Phosphorus (1.0%) Phosphorus (1.0%) Potassium (0.35%) Potassium (0.35%) Sulfur (0.25%) Sulfur (0.25%) Sodium (0.15%) Sodium (0.15%) Magnesium (0.05%) Magnesium (0.05%) Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine, Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron (0.70%) Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon, Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine (trace amounts) Reference: H. A. Harper, V. W. Rodwell, P. A. Mayes, Review of Physiological Chemistry, 16th ed., Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, California 1977.

4. I. Basics of Chemistry B. Molecules B. Molecules 1. When two or more atoms join together, they form a ___________. 1. When two or more atoms join together, they form a ___________. 2. These are called _______________, and are based on interactions between the _________. 2. These are called _______________, and are based on interactions between the _________. 3. If a bond joins different elements, the new substance is a __________. 3. If a bond joins different elements, the new substance is a __________. molecule chemical bonds electrons compound

5. I. Basics of Chemistry C. Types of Bonds C. Types of Bonds 1. _____________ 1. _____________ a. Electrons move from one atom to the other. a. Electrons move from one atom to the other. b. Atoms become positively or negatively charged; called ____. b. Atoms become positively or negatively charged; called ____. c. Charges attract or repel. c. Charges attract or repel. d. Good for __________________. d. Good for __________________. Ionic bonds ions conducting electricity

6. I. Basics of Chemistry C. Types of Bonds C. Types of Bonds 2. _______________ 2. _______________ a. Electrons are shared between two atoms. a. Electrons are shared between two atoms. b. Atoms must remain together b. Atoms must remain together c. Bonds are flexible c. Bonds are flexible d. Good for ________________. d. Good for ________________. Covalent bonds large structures

7. I. Basics of Chemistry C. Types of Bonds C. Types of Bonds 3. _______________ 3. _______________ a. Hydrogen holds electrons weakly a. Hydrogen holds electrons weakly b. Has a slightly positive charge, attracted to anything negative. b. Has a slightly positive charge, attracted to anything negative. c. Creates weak bonds that help hold structures but can be broken easily. c. Creates weak bonds that help hold structures but can be broken easily. d. Examples: _________________ d. Examples: _________________ Hydrogen bonds DNA, hair, water

8. I. Basics of Chemistry D. Molecules and Energy D. Molecules and Energy 1. Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms. Energy is required to ______________ bonds. 1. Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms. Energy is required to ______________ bonds. 2. The amount of energy varies with the type of bond. Some bonds (hydrogen) are easily broken while others (triple covalent) are very hard. 2. The amount of energy varies with the type of bond. Some bonds (hydrogen) are easily broken while others (triple covalent) are very hard. make or break

9. II. Water Chemistry A. ________ is the most abundant chemical in the body. A. ________ is the most abundant chemical in the body. B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. 1. _____—water is a very small molecule, so it moves fast and can squeeze into tiny crevasses between other molecules. 1. _____—water is a very small molecule, so it moves fast and can squeeze into tiny crevasses between other molecules. Water Size

10. II. Water Chemistry B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. 2. _________--Hydrogen has a slightly positive charge while oxygen has a slightly negative charge. This makes it easy for water to pry apart other charged molecules, dissolving them. Called a __________________. 2. _________--Hydrogen has a slightly positive charge while oxygen has a slightly negative charge. This makes it easy for water to pry apart other charged molecules, dissolving them. Called a __________________. Polarity Universal Solvent

11. II. Water Chemistry B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. 3. _______________--Due to polarity, water forms a crystal structure that is less dense than liquid water. 3. _______________--Due to polarity, water forms a crystal structure that is less dense than liquid water. Crystal structure

12. II. Water Chemistry B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. 4. _____________--water absorbs and releases heat energy slowly, and can hold a great deal of heat energy. This helps organisms maintain their body temperature in the safe range. 4. _____________--water absorbs and releases heat energy slowly, and can hold a great deal of heat energy. This helps organisms maintain their body temperature in the safe range. Heat capacity

13. II. Water Chemistry B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. 5. __________________-- Polarity allows water to stick to itself (cohesion) and to any charged material (adhesion). Water can glue materials together. 5. __________________-- Polarity allows water to stick to itself (cohesion) and to any charged material (adhesion). Water can glue materials together. Cohesion & Adhesion

14. II. Water Chemistry B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. B. Water has many characteristics that make it vital to our bodies. 6. _______--Water can act as either an acid or a base, maintaining a stable pH in our bodies. 6. _______--Water can act as either an acid or a base, maintaining a stable pH in our bodies. Buffer

15. III. Macromolecules A. What are they? A. What are they? 1. __________________________________ 1. _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Made of smaller pieces called __________ that can be assembled like legos to form a variety of structures. A large chain of monomers is called a _________. 2. Made of smaller pieces called __________ that can be assembled like legos to form a variety of structures. A large chain of monomers is called a _________. Very large molecules that make most of the structure of the body monomers polymer

16. III. Macromolecules B. Carbohydrates B. Carbohydrates 1. Monomer: ____________________ 1. Monomer: ____________________ 2. Polymer: _____________________ 2. Polymer: _____________________ 3. Structure:______________________ 3. Structure:______________________________________________________ 4. Uses: ___________________ 4. Uses: ___________________ 5. Examples: ________________ 5. Examples: ________________ monosaccharide (sugar) polysaccharide (starch) rings of carbon with oxygen and hydrogen attached; CH 2 O energy, plant structure sucrose, cellullose

17. Examples of Carbohydrates

18. III. Macromolecules C. Lipids C. Lipids 1. Monomer: __________ 1. Monomer: __________ 2. Polymer: ___________ 2. Polymer: ___________ 3. Structure:______________________ 3. Structure:______________________________________________________ 4. Uses: ________________________ 4. Uses: ________________________ 5. Examples: ____________________ 5. Examples: ____________________ fatty acid lipid or fat 3 long chains of carbon hydrogen on a glycerol molecule energy, structure, warmth fat, oil, cholesterol

19. Examples of Lipids

20. III. Macromolecules D. Protein D. Protein 1. Monomer: _______________ 1. Monomer: _______________ 2. Polymer: _____________________ 2. Polymer: _____________________ 3. Structure:______________________ 3. Structure:______________________________________________________ 4. Uses: ________________________ 4. Uses: ________________________ 5. Examples: ____________________ 5. Examples: ____________________ amino acid (20) protein or polypeptide central carbon atom with hydrogen, amine, carboxyl, & R groups structure, emergency energy skin, insulin, enzymes

21. Examples of Proteins

22. III. Macromolecules E. Nucleic Acids E. Nucleic Acids 1. Monomer: _______________ 1. Monomer: _______________ 2. Polymer: ___________ 2. Polymer: ___________ 3. Structure:______________________ 3. Structure:______________________________________________________ 4. Uses: ___________________ 4. Uses: ___________________ 5. Examples: _______________ 5. Examples: _______________ nucleotide (5) nucleic acid 5-carbon sugar attached to nitrogen base and phosphate group stores genetic code DNA and RNA

23. Examples of Nucleic Acids

24. IV. ATP A. ATP stands for _____________________ A. ATP stands for _____________________ B. Cells use ATP as a __________________ B. Cells use ATP as a __________________ C. Made of adenine with ___ phosphates C. Made of adenine with ___ phosphates D. Lots of energy is stored in the bond between _____________________________ D. Lots of energy is stored in the bond between _____________________________ E. When this bond is broken, tremendous energy is released. E. When this bond is broken, tremendous energy is released. F. The pieces are then reassembled, storing more energy for another use. F. The pieces are then reassembled, storing more energy for another use. adenosine triphosphate the second and third phosphates 3 rechargeable battery

25. Examples of ATP

26. V. Enzymes A. Special proteins that speed chemical reactions A. Special proteins that speed chemical reactions 1. Chemical reactions require a certain _______________ to get started. 1. Chemical reactions require a certain _______________ to get started. 2. Enzymes decrease this energy, making reactions occur faster. 2. Enzymes decrease this energy, making reactions occur faster. activation energy

27. V. Enzymes B. Lock-and-Key Model B. Lock-and-Key Model 1. Enzymes are not used up by the reaction, but each can only work on one reaction (________________). 1. Enzymes are not used up by the reaction, but each can only work on one reaction (________________). 2. This is called the lock-and-key model of enzymes. An enzyme is like a _____ which can open exactly one _____. If you want to “unlock” another reaction, you need a different enzyme. 2. This is called the lock-and-key model of enzymes. An enzyme is like a _____ which can open exactly one _____. If you want to “unlock” another reaction, you need a different enzyme. enzyme specificity key lock

28. V. Enzymes

29. C. Factors which affect enzymes C. Factors which affect enzymes 1. _____________--enzymes, like all proteins, change shape when exposed to heat or cold. Each has an optimal temperature range. 1. _____________--enzymes, like all proteins, change shape when exposed to heat or cold. Each has an optimal temperature range. 2. ____--all enzymes have an optimal range of pH. Example: stomach 2. ____--all enzymes have an optimal range of pH. Example: stomach 3. _____________--having more enzymes makes the reaction faster. 3. _____________--having more enzymes makes the reaction faster. Temperature pH Concentration

30. Images used in this presentation were obtained from: Atom: PowerPoint clipart Atom: PowerPoint clipart Water molecule and Water attraction: stainsfile.info/StainsFile/jindex.html Water molecule and Water attraction: stainsfile.info/StainsFile/jindex.html Bohr water molecule: ghs.gresham.k12.or.us Bohr water molecule: ghs.gresham.k12.or.us Spoon on nose: statweb.calpoly.edu Spoon on nose: statweb.calpoly.edu pH scale: bcn.boulder.co.us pH scale: bcn.boulder.co.us Glucose and Cellulose: www.greenspirit.org.uk Glucose and Cellulose: www.greenspirit.org.uk Sucrose: encarta.msn.com Sucrose: encarta.msn.com

31. Images, continued Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, cis and trans fat, and lipid molecule: biology.clc.uc.edu Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, cis and trans fat, and lipid molecule: biology.clc.uc.edu Generic Amino acid: ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu Generic Amino acid: ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu Peptide bond: www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk Peptide bond: www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk Nucleotide: faculty.uca.edu Nucleotide: faculty.uca.edu DNA helix: www.biologycorner.com DNA helix: www.biologycorner.com ATP: textbookofbacteriology.net ATP: textbookofbacteriology.net Activation energy: faculty.clintocc.suny.edu Activation energy: faculty.clintocc.suny.edu Enzyme lock-and-key: www.celltech.com Enzyme lock-and-key: www.celltech.com