1. Fossil Fuels I

2. Possible Questions 1. 1.Describe the processes that formed coal, oil, and natural gas, and explain why these energy sources are considered non-renewable. 2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages, including environmental problems, of using coal. Make sure to include a discussion of the kinds of coal that can be used and how they differ in their environmental impact. 3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages, including environmental problems, of using oil and natural gas.

3. Possible Questions 4. List the main areas where energy is consumed in the U.S. Discuss three ways that the U.S. could decrease energy consumption by altering residential and transportation usage of energy. 5. Summarize the controversy surrounding the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.

4. Should the Gasoline Tax Be Raised? Pros?Cons?

5. CountryPrice Per Liter In U.S. $ Price Per U.S. Gallon In U.S. $ Canada $0.489$1.858 France $1.110$4.191 Germany $1.179$4.460 Italy $1.135$4.294 CountryPrice Per Liter In U.S. $ Price Per U.S. Gallon In U.S. $ Japan $0.885$3.348 Spain $0.880$3.329 United Kingdom $1.286$4.865 United States $0.384$1.453 Selected World Gasoline Prices Average, January, 2003

6. Breakdown on Gasoline Costs

7. USA Regional Differences Gasoline Prices

8. What are Fossil Fuels? All fossil fuels are forms of stored solar energy that are created from incomplete biological decomposition. Fossil non-renewable fuels include: CoalOil Natural gas

10. Sources of Energy Used by Humans

11. Fossil Fuels Predominant Energy Source Fossil fuels ~ 85% Nuclear ~ 6% Hydroelectric ~ 4% Biomass fuels< 5% Alternatives ~1%

12. 20% of the World’s Population Consumes 68% of the World’s Energy.

13. What is the difference between US/Canada and Switzerland/Japan/Denmark in energy use?

14. Where Energy Goes in the U.S.A. Industry~ 42% Industry ~ 42% Making metals; chemical industry (plastics, fertilizers) Residential/commercial ~ 33% Heating, air conditioning, lighting, and hot water Transportation ~ 25% Passenger travel, hauling by semi (Trains, barges, ships and pipelines use 12% of fuel, yet haul 75% of freight.

15. Where Energy Goes in the U.S.A.

16. Oil and Gas wa s Formed by Partial Decomposition of Aquatic Organisms

17. OIL Location - usually in porous and coarse-grained stone such as sandstone and limestone. Requires a trap - rock, like shale, that impedes the hydrocarbons in anticlines (arch-shaped folds).

18. Oil Extraction: Primary Recovery (~25%) - oil is under pressure, so pumping oil is a way to control the extraction of oil. Secondary Recovery (>50%) - injecting steam, water, or chemicals (carbon dioxide, nitrogen)

19. World Gas and Crude Oil Reserves Crude Oil Natural Gas

20. Known Oil Reserves 60% of proven recoverable oil reserves in the Mid-East. Proven reserves of oil = 1 trillion barrels At 22 billion barrels a year (present rate), this is 45 years worth of oil.

21. Uses of Oil

22. Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Use Carbon Dioxide Release Water Contamination Pollution of marine waters from leaks or spills. Wastewater used in secondary recovery. Pollution of surface waters and groundwater from runoff and leaking from broken pipes and storage tanks. Spills Gulf war = 250 million gallons Exxon Valdez = 11 million gallons Exxon Valdez = 11 million gallons

23. Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Use Soil Contamination From wells, pipelines, storage tanks, and roads Release of drilling mud

26. Smoke tornado

28. ANWR = 200 day supply of oil?

29. What are the Costs and Benefits of Exploring the ANWR for Oil?

30. Natural Gas Formation similar to oil, from partially decomposed aquatic organisms subjected to heat and pressure. In contrast to oil which consists of a mixture of often hundreds of hydrocarbons, natural gas is composed primarily of one hydrocarbon – methane. Natural gas is more expense to transport than oil, and it is often burned off at an oil well as waste.

31. Advantages of Natural Gas Compared to oil products, natural gas produces about 80-90% fewer emission when used in vehicles. Natural gas can be used for both heating and cooling systems. Natural gas is more plentiful than oil.

32. Coal Coal was formed by the partial decay of plants and animals. Under heat and pressure from burial by later material, the partially decomposed plant material became the carbon-rich rock we call coal. Coal may be classified as lignite, bituminous, or anthracite according to its hardness. Anthracite, the hardest, was formed under the highest temperatures and produces the fewest pollutants when burned.

33. Carboniferous forests from which coal was formed

34. Coal Composition Formation - 300 million years ago Kinds: Kinds:: Anthracite- hard coal, shiny, blue/black coal. Highest heat producing capacity of the coals. Lowest volatiles. Anthracite - hard coal, shiny, blue/black coal. Highest heat producing capacity of the coals. Lowest volatiles. Bituminouscalled soft coal, but is hard, bright black coal - usually high in sulfur volatiles. Bituminous - called soft coal, but is hard, bright black coal - usually high in sulfur volatiles. Lignite - soft, moist coal which produces little heat compared to other coals Lignite - soft, moist coal which produces little heat compared to other coals.

35. Coal Extraction

36. Extraction - Strip mines 1. Bulldozers and scrapers remove the vegetation and topsoil from an area. 2. Soil is stockpiled for reuse. 3. Overburden (rock over the coal) is removed. 4. Coal beds are drilled and blasted and loaded. 5. The cut is filled and topsoil is replaced. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act 1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act 1977 Prior to this, land did not have to be re-established.

39. World coal deposits are vast (10x greater than oil), and reserves could last for more than 200 years

40. Environmental Effects of Coal Mining Carbon dioxide release Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide release - leads to acid precipitation Mine acid drainage - acidifies streams; toxic metals introduced into streams Release of radioactivity and toxic metals

41. Environmental Effects of Coal Mining Land disturbance Other human risks: Black lung disease Cave-ins Coal fires

43. Acid Deposition Problems

44. Ways to Alleviate Pollution Chemical or physical cleaning of coal prior to combustion. Boiler designs that require a lower temperature of combustion, reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides. Fluidized Bed Combustion - Injection of material rich in calcium carbonate while burning. Reacts with sulfur dioxide, producing a calcium sulfate sludge. Scrubbing/Filter/Precipitator following burning Scrubbing/Filter/Precipitator following burning.

45. Fluidized Bed Combustion - Limestone captures sulfur and nitrogen impurities in slag, decreasing pollutants in the air.

46. Scrubber Electrostatic Precipitator Fabric Filter

48. Reserves at Present Rate of Consumption: Oil: 45 years Coal: 200 years But will energy consumption level out?