1. By Stephanie Rouse Robby Gill

3. Depressants – aka Downers Drugs that calm and relax the central nervous system by interfering with nerve impulse transmission slow the function of the brain, heart, and other organs, reduce the rate of breathing, and dull emotional responses action strongly based upon dosage of drug low dose – little or no impact moderate dose – sedation high dose – induce sleep extremely high dose – death

4. GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). GABAergic inhibition is seen at all levels of the CNS, including the hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex. As well as the large well- established GABA pathways, GABA interneurones are abundant in the brain, with 50% of the inhibitory synapses in the brain being GABA mediated. Calmness, relaxation, reduction of anxiety, sleepiness, slow breathing, slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, slow, uncertain reflexes If abused result in unconsciousness and death

5. Tranquilizers Reduce nervous tension/anxiety without inducing sleep Examples include: Alcohol Denzodiazepines (safer than barbituates) Valium (diasepam) Librium

6. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are the two major categories of sedative-hypnotics similar in chemical structure Benzodiazepine Fusion of benzene and diazepine ring systems Barbiturate Barbituric Acid Ultrashort, short, intermediate, and long acting depending upon type used to keep patient from waking before surgery is complete Short acting are abused Similar to alcohol Thiopental ultra-short acting marketed as Sodium Pentothal when dissolved in water in large does becomes one of the3 drugs used in the US to execute prisoners on death row, low dose used as truth serum, decreased inhibitions Oldest depressant, 35 prescribable 5,5- disubstituted derivatives of barbituric acid (vary by R group from carbon to alkyl, saturation, bromo groups, phenyl group) Not highly potent methaquolene

7. Other depressants Sedatives Hypnotics Certain barbiturates Soothing of distress without effects of sleep i tranquilizers are milder than sedatives Class of drugs that produce sleep Ex: Chloral hydrate Ex: Phenobarbital (barbiturate) behaves as either a sedative or hypnotic dependent upon dose

8. Continuum of Sedation Behavior Death Coma General Anesthesia Hypnosis Sedation Disinhibition Relief of Anxiety Normal Increasing Dose

9. Ethanol – a common depressant Capable of hydrogen bonding, but also Fat soluble (small size) Readily penetrates cell and tissue membranes Easily and completely absorbed from the entire gastrointestinal tract.

10. Ethanol – a common depressant 30-50 mg / 100 mL blood 100 mg / 100 mL blood 200 mg / 100 mL blood 400 mg / 100 mL blood mild intoxication; Silly behavior slurred speech; staggering; aggression vision and movement difficult Coma, death

11. Ethanol – a common depressant Alcoholism – a disease Progressive Frequently fatal May run in families ? genetic component Other uses Antiseptic Tincture of iodine mouthwashes

12. Discuss the social and physiological effect of the use and abuse of ethanol. Include effects on the family, cost to society and the short-and long-term health effects.

13. Social Effects of the Abuse of Ethanol Major social costs due to alcohol use and abuse. In the U.S., Australia, Europe, Japan, and other countries, over 80% of all alcohol-induced costs are borne by society. Connected to many different degrees of crime. MADD

14. Physiological Effects of Ethanol Short-term effects: Depressant Impairs CNS function proportional to intake of alcohol Impacts Pregnancy - Miscarriage, low birth mass and fetal abnormalities. Long-term effects: Cirrhosis and cancer of the liver coronary heart disease high blood pressure Strokes Digestive issues - gastritis, peptic ulcers. Poor eating habits.

15. Other Physical Effects Driving impairment Alcoholism is a disease Includes physical and psychological addiction as well as genetic factors Enhances the effects of other drugs.

16. Describe the synergistic effect of ethanol with other drugs.

17. Reactions with other Drugs Synergistic Effects - combination of two drugs is more harmful than either drug taken alone Alcohol + aspiring – increase risk of stomach bleeding Alcohol + sedatives - increases risk of heavy sedation leading to coma and death Alcohol + cocaine – cocaethylene forms… extends high… but is very toxic… causes severe constriction of blood vessels (high blood pressure)… and irregular heart beat. Alcohol + bezodiapenes (mogadon, valium) – suppresses CNS leading to death

18. Describe and explain the techniques used for the detection of ethanol in the breath and in the blood or urine. Include potassium dichromate (VI) in the breathalyzer analysis of blood or urine by chromatography absorption of infra-red radiation in intoximeter.

19. Detecting BAC (Question 12) Breathalyzer test (potassium dichromate [K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ] used as oxidizing agent). Gas Liquid Chromatography Takes breath sample and detects presence of gases at a quantitative level. Blood and urine can be used in the machine as well.

20. Detecting BAC (continued) Infra-Red Spectroscopy (“intoximeter”) IR absorption at 2950 cm -1 is used to detect presence of the C-H group. Very accurate (% C-H absorbed acts as a marker for BAC).

21. Other Commonly Used Depressants Nitrazepam (mogadon) Hypnotic, induces sleep, control seizures and infantile spasms Prozac (Fluoxetine hydrochloride) Anti-depressant used for mental depression, increases activity of the neurotransmitter serotonin Depressants are often described as anti- depressants because they relieve depression

22. Valium (diazepam) relief of anxiety and tension Carbon skeleton structures of diazepam and nitrazepam are the same, the two differing in side groups. The structure of Prozac differs from the other two