1. Human Geography of Canada

2. CANADIAN HISTORY TIMELINE
British split Canada into 2 provinces: Upper Canada-Protestant English (Ontario) and Lower Canada –Catholic French (Quebec)
With control of Rupert’s Land, Canada went from Atlantic to Pacific
France & England claimed parts of Canada
Canada independent from Britain
Leif Erikson discovered Newfoundland
1763
1791
1867
1871
1885
1931
1000
1497
16th-17th
Centuries
France surrenders territory to British after French & Indian War
Cabot claimed Newfoundland for England
British No. America Act –Dominion of Canada creating confederation of Ontario, Quebec, & 2 colonies-Nova Scotia & New Brunswick
Canadian transcontinental railway completed

3. Migration in Canada
Quebec (French colony) was indifferent to the American Revolution so many loyalists moved into Canada and set up the English territories of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
Canada expanded westward differently because the lands were already in British or French hands, so there was no need to move in or use Manifest Destiny to justify migration
Canada’s population is primarily on both coasts and around the Great Lakes

4. Current Canadian Population Density

5. Quebec Conflict
French settlers remained in Canada despite British taking control after winning the French & Indian War
French settlers were Roman Catholic and serious ethnic disputes arose between them and the Protestant English settlers
British government passed the British North America Act creating the Dominion of Canada which was a confederation (political union) of Ontario (Upper Canada) & Quebec (Lower Canada)

7. Separatism in Canada
French Canada (Quebec area) has always wanted to be separate from English Canada, at least culturally
Quebec speaks French and the people are primarily Roman Catholic compared to the rest of Canada that speaks English and is primarily Protestant
Canada has created two official languages

9. Multicultural
Multiculturalism: Effort to promote and embrace diversity
Both British and French people live in Canada
In the late 1800s immigrants from other parts of Europe came to live in Canada’s vast open lands

10. Parliamentary Government
System in which legislative and executive functions are combined in a legislature called parliament
Central federal government with smaller provincial and territorial governments
Parliament: Appointed Senate and elected House of Commons
Majority party’s leader in Parliament becomes Prime Minister

11. First Nations
Canada’s Native American peoples

12. Economic Activities in Canada
Primary Industries: Farming in south central Canada, logging, mining (uranium, zinc, gold, silver), fishing along ocean coastlines, newsprint, oil (along U.S. border)
Secondary Activities (Manufacturing Sector): 13% of Canadians have mfg jobs; accounts for 1/8 of the GDP. Automobiles, steel, household appliances, electronics, high-tech equipment, mining equipment. Mfg has small clusters in southwest & south central Canada but is mainly in the southeast near the St. Lawrence seaway.

13. Economic Activities in Canada
Tertiary Activities (Service Industries): 70% of GDP; employ more Canadians than all other industries combined
Finance, utilities, trade, transportation, tourism, communications, insurance, real estate, trade
Service industries are found throughout southern Canada

14. Canada – Land of Many Cultures
There were diverse cultures from Canada’s earliest settlement when the Inuit and First Nations peoples came after the last Ice Age
Then the English and French arrived, and later immigrants from Europe and Asia

15. Languages & Religion
Officially Bilingual: English-speaking majority and French-speaking minority
First Nation languages still survive
Protestant and Roman Catholics are two largest religions with smaller groups of Muslims, Jews, and others

16. Population
Settlement affected by the harsh physical environment and lack of transportation routes
Port cities of Montreal, Toronto, & Vancouver are most densely settled
80% of Canadians live on 10% of the land along a 100- mile wide strip just north of the U.S. border
Becoming more urban: 4/5 of people live in cities
75% of French Canadians live in Quebec; Inuit people live in northern territories

17. Sports and Recreation
Skating, ice hockey, fishing, skiing, golf, hunting
Canadian football league & professional ice hockey teams are popular
Lacrosse was developed by native peoples of Canada
Early European settlers in Canada developed ice hockey

19. The Arts Oral traditions of the First Nations
Realistic carvings of the Inuit made from ivory, whalebone, and soapstone
Totem poles of First Nations on the West Coast
Toronto-based artists called Group of Seven
Stratford Festival in Ontario honoring Shakespeare

21. Canadian Subregions
Four subregions: Atlantic Provinces, Core Provinces, Prairie Provinces, Pacific Province and Territories
10 total provinces and 3 territories
Each has a unique population, economy, and resources
Regional Canada map - Color the four subregions found on page 154 of the textbook.

23. Atlantic Provinces
Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Labrador
8% of Canada’s population and most of these live in coastal cities
Rugged terrain and severe weather
Logging is largest industry due to dense forests
Fishing, mining, shipbuilding
Hydroelectric power resources

24. Lunenberg, Nova Scotia
Bay of Fundy beach in New Brunswick

25. Core Provinces Quebec and Ontario
Heartland of Canada: 3 out of 5 Canadians live here. Ontario largest population, Quebec largest land area. Most people live along Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River
Center of political and economic life
Ottawa (in Ontario) is capital of federal government
35% of agriculture, 41% of mining, 70% of manufacturing
Toronto is banking and financial center
Montreal is Canada’s 2nd largest city & center of life in Quebec

26. Chateau Frontenac Castle in Quebec

27. Prairie Provinces Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta
Part of North America’s Great Plains – center of agriculture (50% of agriculture in Canada)
Many minerals also; large coal, oil & natural gas deposits in Alberta
Manitoba: Scots-Irish, Germans, Scandinavians, Ukrainians, Poles
Saskatchewan: Asia and the Metis people
Alberta: Europeans, Indian, Japanese, Lebanese, Vietnamese

29. Pacific Province British Columbia
Westernmost province, almost all in Rocky Mountain range
¾ is 3000 feet above sea level; ½ dense forests; 1/3 frozen tundra, snowfields, glaciers
Victoria and Vancouver are largest cities in SW
Logging, mining, hydroelectric power, largest port in Canada so lots of shipping

30. Emerald Lake, British Columbia

31. Northern Territories Yukon, Northwest, and Nunavut Territories
41% of the land mass of Canada, sparsely populated
Yukon: North of British Columbia; 35,000 people
Northwest Territories: East of Yukon, extends to the Arctic; population 43,000
Nunavut: Formed from eastern Northwest Territories in 1999; home to many Inuit people
Mining, fishing, logging – widely scattered

32. Northern Lights, Northwest Territories

33. Nunavut, Inuit, Metis
Nunavut was formed in 1999 to settle the land claims of the Inuit (formerly called Eskimo) peoples and give them a protected homeland
Nunavut means “our land”
Metis are people of mixed French and native heritage

34. Metis symbol and celebrities