1. The Earth and Its Peoples 3 rd edition Chapter 21 Northern Eurasia, 1500-1800 Cover Slide Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

2. Daimyo procession Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616), who ruled vast territories around Edo (modern-day Tokyo), set up the sankin kotai (alternate residence) system, whereby the daimyo (feudal lords), were compelled to live in the capital, Edo, every other year and to leave their wives and sons there, essentially as hostages. Travel with retinues between the daimyos' residences and Edo, as we see here, stimulated construction of roads, inns, and castle towns. This system of sankin kotai also meant that the shogun could keep tabs on the daimyos, control them through their children, and weaken them financially with the burden of maintaining two residences. (Tokugawa Art Museum, Nagoya/Tokagawa Reimeikai Foundation) Daimyo procession Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

3. Emperior Kangxi A group of Manchu aristocrats who dominated the first Qing emperor based in China were regents for his young son, who was declared emperor in 1662. In 1669 this child-emperor, Kangxi--at the age of 16--gained real as well as formal control of the government by executing his chief regent. He was an intellectual prodigy and a successful military commander. His reign, lasting until his death in 1722, was marked not only by great expansion of the empire but by great stability as well. This portrait of Kangxi, from about 1690, depicts him as a refined scholar, as he preferred to be portrayed. (Palace Museum, Beijing) Emperior Kangxi Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

4. From the Jesuit Library at Beijing Jesuits such as Matteo Ricci were willing to share books on technology and science with Chinese scholars. But without firsthand experience it was impossible for Chinese translators to convey how a man walking in a wheel drives a shaft that changes the pressure inside two pumps. The left-hand illustration is from Zonca, Trombe da Rota per Vavar Aqua, 1607. In the Chinese translation of the drawing, from Qi tushuo (Illustrations on Energy), 1627, the mechanisms were all lost. (Reproduced from Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China, vol. 4, with permission) From the Jesuit Library at Beijing Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

5. Hokusai manga Katsushika Hokusai (1726-1792) produced fifteen fat volumes of manga (random sketches or cartoons), testimony to his incredible energy and vitality. They have been called "a record of the people of Japan" and "a major art treasure." This charming scene of children playing with toys gives the lie to the view that Hokusai was a crusty, irascible old man. (Private Collection) Hokusai manga Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

6. Hokusai self-portrait In spite of a very long and often tragic life, the art of Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849) is filled with wit and humor. He belonged to the ukiyo-e (pictures of the floating world) movement and produced thousands of street scenes, as well as scenes from Japanese history, legend, and culture. His technical excellence and careful representation of ordinary life influenced the French artists Edouard Manet and Edgar Degas. In his later years Hokusai often used the pen name Gakyojin (old man mad about drawing). Here we see him in this elegant self-portrait. (R.M.N./Art Resource, NY) Hokusai self-portrait Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

7. Kabuki theater An art form created by townspeople, kabuki consisted of crude, bawdy skits dealing with love and romance or aspects of prostitution. Performances featured elaborate costumes, song, dance, and poetry. From 1629 on, when actresses were banned from taking part, men played all the parts. Complex kabuki plays became the most popular form of entertainment in Tokugawa Japan for all classes. Movable scenery and lighting effects made possible the staging of storms, fires, and hurricanes. (Collection of Tokyo National Museum/DNP Archives) Kabuki theater Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

8. Matthew Perry arriving in Japanese harbor In 1853 the American Commodore Matthew Perry's ships surprised the Tokugawa Shogunate by appearing not in Kyushu or southern Honshu, where European ships previously had been spotted, but at Uraga on the coast of eastern Honshu. The Japanese soon learned that Perry had come not from the south but across the Pacific from the east. The novelty of the threat unsettled the provincial leaders, who were largely responsible for their own defense. In this print done after the Meiji Restoration, the traditionally dressed local samurai go out to confront the mysterious "black ships." (Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum) Matthew Perry arriving in Japanese harbor Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

9. Peter the Great on horseback This seventeenth-century painting of Peter the Great (1682-1725) on horseback, by the painter Louis Karavack, celebrates the power and determination of Russia's famous ruler. Most appropriately, it shows him imperiously leading his armies into battle. Peter waged war almost continually throughout his long reign, and the desire to build a large modern army motivated many of his reforms. (State Hermitage Museum/Novosti) Peter the Great on horseback Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

10. Qianlong Emperor at Archery Contest During the sixty-year reign of the Qianlong emperor, China became the world's richest and most populous nation. Executed by the Italian Jesuit Giuseppe Castiglione, whose portraits and panoramas combine Chinese composition with Western perspective and coloration, this painting of the emperor at an archery contest--with elegant garden, stately uniforms of the attendants, and dignified image of the emperor--suggests the formal ritual of the imperial court. Castiglione was a special favorite of the emperor, who also supported Jesuit architects and designers. (Private Collection) Qianlong Emperor at Archery Contest Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

11. Russian ambassadors bringing furs After the dissolution of Mongol power in Russia, the city of Moscow became the foundation for a new state, Muscovy, the territory surrounding the city of Moscow. This illustration shows representatives from Muscovy--wearing their impressive sable coats and caps--at the court of the German prince Maximillian II of Regensburg. (Novosti) Russian ambassadors bringing furs Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

12. Scholar-bureaucrat's study, Qing In this reconstruction of a scholar-bureaucrat's study of the Qing Period, we see the carved rosewood desk with brass-edged corners (rear left); the small stove for preparing tea for guests; the cushioned couch (rear right); the rich carpet; the long narrow table for painting or studying scrolls, some of which stand in a holder on the tiled floor; and the birdcage on the window wall. The immaculate order, restrained elegance, and sense of calm tranquillity of this study--which was located in the most private part of the scholar's house-- incorporate the loftiest Confucian ideals for the highest class, the scholars. (Philadelphia Museum of Art, Gift of Wright S. Ludington in memory of his father, Charles H. Ludington (1929-30-1)) Scholar-bureaucrat's study, Qing Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

13. Scholars taking civil service exam The civil service examinations of the Qing dynasty tested candidates' knowledge of the Confucian canon: rituals, history, poetry, cosmology--all believed to provide the basis for a moral life--and calligraphy. By the eighteenth century, the system was under attack because it failed to select the ablest scholars, the number of candidates had not increased in proportion to population, degrees were sold to the rich, and frequently even successful candidates could not find positions. (Bibliotheque nationale de France) Scholars taking civil service exam Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

14. Southern Barbarians' screen Just as wealthy eighteenth-century Europeans craved Chinese silken wallpaper because of its "exotic" quality, so rich Japanese decorated their homes with screens depicting the Nanbanjin (Southern Barbarians). The gold leaf suggests the screen's great value. In the central panel, a Portuguese ship captain (shaded by a parasol carried by a black servant) arrives in the port of Nagasaki. Black porters carry boxes of goods and rare animals as gifts for Japanese merchants. They are received by tall, black-robed Jesuits. Europeans were called "barbarians" because of what the Japanese perceived as their terrible manners and the stench they emitted from lack of bathing. (Michael Holford) Southern Barbarians' screen Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

15. St. Petersburg In one imperious decree after another, Peter the Great ordered his people to build a city that would equal any in the world, one that had to be Western and baroque. The government drafted 25,000 to 40,000 men each summer to labor in St. Petersburg for three months without pay. Thus, beautiful St. Petersburg was built on the shovelling, carting, and paving of a mass of conscripted serfs. Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli (born in Paris, 1700-1771) remodeled the Winter Palace. In this colored engraving (ca. 1760), this handsome building, which housed the royal family until the Russian Revolution in 1917, stands on the left along the Neva River. The Navy Office, with its famous golden spire, and other government office buildings are nearby and across the river. (Michael Holford) St. Petersburg Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

16. Tea fields When tea became England's national drink in the eighteenth century, tea imported from China cost the English a staggering 20,000,000 British pounds per year--all paid for in silver, because the Chinese did not want to accept English goods in exchange. China also exported huge quantities of porcelain and cotton textiles to Europe and the Americas, leading to a net drain from the West to China of 3,000,000 ounces of silver in 1760 and 16,000,000 ounces in 1780. These figures suggest the urgency of the Macartney mission that reached Canton in June 1793 and sought the establishment of permanent Chinese- British diplomatic relations, broader trade, and a fair system of tariffs or customs duties. (Private Collection. Reproduced courtesy of Thames & Hudson) Tea fields Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

17. Whaling In Japan, where whaling is an old and dangerous pursuit, fisherman first snared the whale in huge nets and then harpooned it. In this section from the Whaling Scroll (Kujira emaki) (ca. 1800), artist unknown, the banners tell that a whale has been caught. A Japanese proverb holds that "when one whale is caught, it makes seven villages prosperous." The yellowish oil obtained from whale blubber was used for lighting and for the manufacture of soap and candles. (Local History Archives, Ministry of Education, Tokyo/International Society for Educational Information, Japan) Whaling Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

18. Map: Climate and Diversity in the Qing Empire Climate and Diversity in the Qing Empire The Qing Empire encompassed different environmental zones, and the climate differences corresponded to population density and cultural divisions. Wetter regions to the east of the 15-inch rainfall line also contained the most densely populated 20 percent of Qing land. The drier, less densely populated 80 percent of the Empire was home to the greatest portion of peoples who spoke languages other than Chinese. Many were nomads, fisherman, hunters, or farmers who raised crops other than rice. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

19. Map: The Expansion of Russia, 1500-1800 The Expansion of Russia, 1500-1800 Sweden and Poland initially blocked Russian expansion in Europe, while the Ottoman Empire blocked the Southwest. In the sixteenth century, Russia began to expand east, toward Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. By the end of the rule of Catherine the Great in 1796, Russia encompassed all of northern and northeastern Russia. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

20. Map: The Qing Empire, 1644-1783 The Qing Empire, 1644-1783 The Qing Empire began in Manchuria and captured north China in 1644. Between 1644 and 1783 the Qing conquered all the former Ming territories and added Taiwan, the lower Amur River basin, Inner Mongolia, eastern Turkestan, and Tibet. The resulting state was more than twice the size of the Ming Empire. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

21. Map: Tokugawa Japan Tokugawa Japan Consider the cultural and political significance of the fact that Japan is an island. How did the concentration of shogunate lands affect the shogunate's government of Japan? (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.