1. Chapter 6 Motivation and Emotion

2. Motivation  Motivation  An internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal  Psychologists infer motivation from goal-directed behavior  Human behavior is energized by many motives that may originate from the outside of us or inside of us

3. Motivation zName some things that motivate you zWe experience motivation in different ways because of: yInstinct yDrive-reduction yIncentive yCognitive theories of motivation

4. Instinct zInnate tendencies that determine behavior yPsychologist William McDougall was the first to note the concept that humans are motivated by instinct yPsychologist William James stated that humans have the instincts of: cleanliness, curiosity, parental, love, sociability, and sympathy.

5. Instinct zFlaws with the instinct theory: yThey do not explain behavior, they label it yIt is still studied, but have began to focus on other theories to explain motivation

6. Motivation  Drive-Reduction Theory  the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst)

7. Drive-Reduction Theory  Need  Biological or psychological requirement of an organism  Drive  A state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal  Homeostasis  tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state  regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level

8. Harry Harlow Monkey Experiment zProved that the drive- reduction theory wasn’t necessarily true zThe monkey spent more time with the cloth monkey for comfort and just enough time for getting food from the other

9. Incentive  An external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior  People are motivated to obtain positive incentives and to avoid negative incentives

10. Cognitive Theory zExtrinsic motivation: engaging in activities that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives zIntrinsic motivation- engaging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations

11. Over-justification Effect zWhen people are given extrinsic motivation needed to perform a task, their intrinsic motivation declines zBook example: yYou enjoy reading –someone begins paying you to read yYou question whether you should read or not yYou stop getting paid, you might lose complete interest in the task

12. Motivation 1.Take out the list of 10 tasks you were given before we started this section. 2.Now we are going to fill out the back. 3.In the first column tell if the need is biological or psychological. 4.In the second column tell if the task is intrinsically or extrinsically motivated 5.In the third column tell if there is an incentive if so tell if it is positive or negative, if there is not put N/A.

13. Section 2 Biological and Social Motives

14. Biological Motives zBiological needs are critical to our survival and physical well-being zWe have built in regulating systems yBody temperature yBlood sugar levels yProduction of hormones

15. Homeostasis zThe tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state

16. Hunger zWhat motivates us to eat? Smell? Habit? zBody requires food to grow, to repair itself, and store reserves yLateral hypothalamus- the part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals yVentromedial- the part of the hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating

17. Motivation-Hunger  Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger

18. Motivation-Hunger  Glucose  the form of sugar that circulates in the blood  provides the major source of energy for body tissues  when its level is low, we feel hunger

19. Motivation-Hunger  Set Point  the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set  when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight  Basal Metabolic Rate  body’s base rate of energy expenditure

20. Motivation-Hunger  The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

21. Motivation-Hunger

22. Eating Disorders  Anorexia Nervosa  when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve  usually an adolescent female  Bulimia Nervosa  disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

23. Eating Disorders zhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87P2loH02E8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87P2loH02E8

24. Motivation at Work  Flow  a completely, involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills  Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology  the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

25. Motivation at Work  Personnel Psychology  sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development  Organizational Psychology  Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

26. Motivation at Work

27.  Structured Interview  process that asks the same job- relevant questions of all applicants  rated on established scales  Achievement Motivation  a desire for significant accomplishment  for mastery of things, people, or ideas  for attaining a high standard

28. Motivation at Work  Personnel psychologists’ tasks

29. Motivation at Work  360-degree feedback

30. Motivation at Work  On the right path

31. Motivation  Task Leadership  goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals  Social Leadership  group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

32. Motivation  Theory X  assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money  workers should be directed from above  Theory Y  assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity

33. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs  begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied  then higher-level safety needs become active  then psychological needs become active Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst