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Review Units 1&2. Psychology’s Roots Psychological Science is Born Wilhelm Wundt (1879) Founder of scientific psychology Set up first lab in 1879 in Leipzig,

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Presentation on theme: "Review Units 1&2. Psychology’s Roots Psychological Science is Born Wilhelm Wundt (1879) Founder of scientific psychology Set up first lab in 1879 in Leipzig,"— Presentation transcript:

1 Review Units 1&2

2 Psychology’s Roots Psychological Science is Born Wilhelm Wundt (1879) Founder of scientific psychology Set up first lab in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany Focused on structure of the mind and indentifying basic elements of consciousness using introspection.

3 Structuralism Thinking About the Mind’s STRUCTURE Emphasizes consciousness and identification of elements of thought using introspection. Wilhelm Wundt - studied consciousness using introspection. G. Stanley Hall – brought introspection to U.S. at John Hopkins University, First President of American Psychological Association (A.P.A). Edward Titchener – studied elements of consiousness at Cornell University. Margaret Washburn – First woman to complete her Ph.D. in psychology

4 Functionalism – Thinking about the mind’s Function Emphasizes how organisms uses its perceptual abilities to adapt to its environment. Want to EXPLAIN behavior by OBSERVING behavior. William James – wrote Principles of Psychology. Mary Whiton Calkins – first woman president of the A.P.A. Functionalism paved the way for behaviorism and applied subfields of psychology.

5 Psychological Science Develops (1960s) Behaviorism John B. Watson B.F. Skinner (reinforcement theory) “study of observable behavior” Fidgeting Crying trembling

6 Psychological Science Develops Psychology- Psychology Defined as: The Scientific study of Behavior and Mental processes. 3 parts Scientific study – collection and examination of data to prove or support hypotheses. Behavior – anything observable. Mental Processes – thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions. (unobservable)

7 Modern Psychological Approaches/Perspectives biological evolutionary psychodynamic behavioral cognitive humanistic social-cultural physiological and bio-chemical factors that determine behavior and mental processes. physiological and bio-chemical factors that determine behavior and mental processes. how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of the human species how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of the human species how behavior is influenced by unconscious drives and conflicts how behavior is influenced by unconscious drives and conflicts how organisms react to stimuli, learning as a result of experience. how organisms react to stimuli, learning as a result of experience. how we encode, process, store and retrieve information how we encode, process, store and retrieve information how we meet our needs for love and acceptance, and achieve self-fulfillment how we meet our needs for love and acceptance, and achieve self-fulfillment how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultureshow behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

8 FIELDS: Biological psychology Developmental psychology Educational psychology Personality psychology Social psychology basic research explores link between brain and behaviorexplores link between brain and behavior studies changing abilities throughout the life span studies changing abilities throughout the life span studies influences on teaching and learningstudies influences on teaching and learning investigates persistent traitsinvestigates persistent traits explores how we view and affect one anotherexplores how we view and affect one another

9 FIELDS: Industrial/organizational psychology Counseling psychology Clinical psychology psychiatry applied research used in the workplace to help companies select and train employees helps people cope with adjustments, challenges, and criseshelps people cope with adjustments, challenges, and crises assesses and treats mental, emotional, and behavior disordersassesses and treats mental, emotional, and behavior disorders medical doctors who may prescribe drugs in treatment medical doctors who may prescribe drugs in treatment

10 Psychology’s Biggest Question Nature-Nurture Issue biology vs. experience Are we a product of how we are born, biologically predisposed, DNA, etc.. OR are we a result of our experiences?

11 Nemonics MONO – ONE = Monoism Duo – TWO = Dualism “Knowledge is Innate, I read that on a Plate” - Plato StRucturalism = Self Report FUnctIOnalism = F.U. I’ll Observe it myself Titchner’s Teacher VVas VVundt Watson = babies = Wah Wah Watson Carl Rogers = Humanism, (“Wont you be my neighbor?” ) B. F. Skinner = Skinner B Abraham Malsow = (write along a pyramids walls)

12 THREE HURDLES Hindsight Bias : “ I knew it all along” Overconfidence : “I got this!” Barnum Effect : “ OMG, that is SOOOOO true!”

13 Summary Hurdles to Logic Hindsight Bias Over Confidence Barnum Effect Applied vs. Basic Research Applied = useful Basic = Curiosity

14 Summary Cont… Methods (CRM Chart) Case Study Naturalistic Observation Survey Method Correlational Method (Positive ↑↑/↓↓) (Negative ↑↓/↓↑) Experimental Method (Cause and Effect) Variables Independent (Manipulate) Dependent (Measure)

15 Confounding Variables Variables outside of the Dependent and Independent Variables that may affect the outcome of an experiment Hawthorne Effect Experimenter Bias Placebo Effect Order Effect

16 Statistics Correlation Coefficient Range = -1 to +1 Perfect + Positive Zero Negative Perfect Negative -1 Descriptive Central Tendency – Mean, Median, Mode Distribution – Normal/Skewed Standard Deviation Range Outliers Z Scores

17 Ethics Animals Clear purpose Acquire animals legally Treated in a humane way Least amount of suffering possible. CATL : LIKE CATTLE Human Must debrief Anonymity No Coercion- must be voluntary Informed consent No significant risk *MANIN : LIKE PEYTON MANNING OR huMAN beINg

18 Steps in Designing an Experiment 1.Hypothesis 2.Pick Population: Random Selection then Random Assignment. 3.Operationalize the Variables 4.Identify Independent and Dependent Variables. 5.Look for Extraneous Variables 6.Type of Experiment: Blind, Double Blind etc.. 7.Gather Data 8.Analyze Results

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