1. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

2. I. Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis of the Later Zhou II. The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age IV. The Later Han

3. Kung Fuzi (Confucius)
Late 500s B.C.E.
Wandering scholars
Analects, collected sayings
I. Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis of the Later Zhou
Role of shi gives way to military, aristocracy
Merchants become important
A. Confucius and the Restoration of the Shi Concern with stability, peace
Role of moral elite
Education central
B. The Confucian Gentleman Moral rectitude Public and private spheres equally important Kings should be reminded of duties

4. I. Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis of the Later Zhou
C. The Heirs of Confucius Division: Mencius, Sunzi
Mencius
Natural goodness
Government should encourage goodness
through consent Sunzi
Natural weakness, evil
Government must be strong
Education improving
Legalists
D. Daoist Alternatives Laozi
Philosopher Retreat from society
State cannot solve all problems
Nature
Dao, cosmic force
Meditation

5. China from the Later Zhou to the Han Era
II. The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity Qin Dynasty Originally nomadic, marginal Shi Huangdi Zhou rival
c. 200 B.C.E.
China from the Later Zhou to the Han Era

6. II. The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity
A. The Transformation of a “Barbarian” Land
Reforms
Improved technology
Peasants freed
Autonomous warrior lords weakened Shi used in bureaucracy
Military transformed
Influence of nomads Cavalry
Crossbow B. The Legalists
Shang Yang
Absolute rulers under rule of law
All to serve the state

7. China from the Later Zhou to the Han Era
II. The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity C. Shi Huangdi, Emperor of China Unification by 221 B.C.E. Warriors disarmed Upper classes to live in capital Xianyang Unification: common writing, coinage, weights and measures Great Wall
D. Opposition 207 B.C.E., rebellion Lasting impact
China from the Later Zhou to the Han Era

8. III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age
Liu Bang (Gaozu)
Peasant
202 B.C.E., becomes first ruler
A. The Restoration of Imperial Control Centralized state
Expansion
Hsiung-nu nomads
Sporadically disruptive
Realm extended to Korea and Vietnam
Assimilation
Education common

9. III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age
B. The Shi Legalists replaced by shi Dominance of Confucianism
Basis of government exams
Education, Examinations Examination system Meritocracy
The Scholar-Gentry Basic strata: the shi, other free subjects, the “mean people”
local property-owners linked to shi
scholar-gentry

10. III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age
C. Class and Gender Roles in Han Society
Peasants
Range from dependent poor to more wealthy
Production increased
More land in cultivation
Horse collar, wheelbarrow
Formed secret societies
Women
More freedom in this period Upper classes
Arranged marriages
Education common
Medicine: diagnosis, remedies, acupuncture

11. III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age
D. Towns and Commerce
Xian, capital
Walls, towers
Grid pattern
approx. 100,000 citizens
approx. 100,000 in hinterland "Forbidden city“
Trade

12. III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age. E
III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age E. Arts and Sciences
Invention
Innovative period
Paper
Compasses
Watermills
Rudders
Technology improves
Art
Decorative arts thrive
Calligraphy
Science
Calendar: 365.5
Medicine: diagnosis, remedies, acupuncture

13. IV. The Later Han
A. Crisis
Emperor's wives
Wang family, C.E.
Wang Mang
Overthrown by scholar-gentry and peasants
B. Later Han
Restoration, 23 C.E. Central power declines