1. Classical Conditioning & Determinism vs. Free Will

2. I. Disruptive Conduct Disorders: disorders
having to do with undesirable behavior such as
aggression or defiance, stealing, and other
antisocial behavior.
A. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): pattern of behavior,
marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance toward authority
figures.
B. Conduct Disorder (CD): repetitive, persistent pattern of
aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the
rights of others.

3. II. Determinism vs. Free Will
A. Determinism: the assumption that everything that happens
has a cause or determinant in the observable world.
B. Free Will: the belief that behavior is caused by a person’s
independent decisions.
The Deterministic Equation that explains who you are…
Internal Environment External Environment
(biology & genetics) (social & physical world) X
Time
= YOU (at any given moment in your life)

4. III. Behaviorism & Conditioning
A. Behaviorists: deterministic psychologists who insist that
psychologists should study only observable, measurable
behaviors, not mental processes.
B. Operant Conditioning: learning based on association of behavior with its consequences. The individual learns from the consequences of “operating” in the environment. Applies to voluntary responses.
C. Classical Conditioning: learning based on association of a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a particular response with another stimulus that does elicit the response. Applies to involuntary responses.

5. IV. Classical Conditioning
A. Classical Conditioning Terminology
1) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)  An event that consistently and
automatically elicits an unconditioned response. (Food)
2) Unconditioned Response (UCR)  An action that the unconditioned
stimulus automatically elicits. (Salivation)
3) Conditioned Stimulus (CS)  Formerly the neutral stimulus, having
been paired with the unconditioned stimulus, elicits the same response.
(Bell) That response depends upon its consistent pairing with the UCS.
4) Conditioned Response (CR)  The response elicited by the
conditioned stimulus due to the training. (Salivation) Usually it closely
resembles the UCR in magnitude.

7. B. Acquisition: the process that establishes or strengthens
a conditioned response.
C. Simultaneous Conditioning: the conditioned stimulus and
the unconditioned stimulus are presented at the same time.
D. Compound Conditioning: two or more conditioned stimuli
are presented together with the unconditioned stimulus.
E. Extinction: the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly
presented without the unconditioned stimulus leading to
a decrease and elimination of the response.

8. F. Behavioral Aversion Therapy: an attractive stimulus is
paired with a noxious stimulus in order to elicit a negative
reaction to the target stimulus.

9. Behaviorism: Classical Conditioning
John Watson: Conditioning of Fear
Orphan boy ‘Little Albert’
1. Albert liked the furry rat
2. Rat presented with loud CRASH!
3. Albert cried because of noise
4. Eventually, site of rat made Albert cry