2. PASS Objectives Content Standard 2.2 A sorting and recombination of genes in reproduction results in a great variety of possible gene combinations from the offspring of any two parents.

5. Gregor Mendel - 8 min

6. Mendel studied 7 characteristics

13. A segment of DNA controlling a trait Any of several alternative forms of a gene

14. A segment of DNA controlling a trait Any of several alternative forms of a gene

15. A gene that masks the effects of another A gene whose effect is masked by the dominant gene

16. A gene that masks the effects of another A gene whose effect is masked by the dominant gene

17. A trait for which the genes of the pair are identical A trait for which the genes of the pair are different

18. A trait for which the genes of the pair are identical A trait for which the genes of the pair are different

19. The genetic makeup of an organism The external appearance of an organism

20. The genetic makeup of an organism The external appearance of an organism

21. An offspring from parents with different traits.

22. The traits of the offspring are a combination of the traits of the parents.

23. DIFFERENT SAME

24. DIFFERENT SAME

25. DIFFERENT SAME genes are different - what kind of trait?

26. DIFFERENT SAME

27. DIFFERENT SAME genes are alike - what kind of trait?

28. DIFFERENT SAME

29. The 64 words of the language of genetics

32. Which color is dominant - Red or White?

33. pink is a BLEND of red & white

45. Probability - 7 min

47. Humans reproduce in relatively small numbers.

48. Most plants and animals reproduce in LARGE numbers.

49. If you flip a coin only 4 times - you may get four heads. heads - 100% tails - 0%

50. If you flip a coin 400 times - you WILL get very close to: heads - 50% tails - 50%

52. A Punnett Square is a tool used to predict the possible offspring of a genetic cross.

56. Use a capital case first letter of the dominant trait to represent the dominant gene

57. Use a capital case first letter of the dominant trait to represent the dominant gene

58. Use a small case of the SAME letter to represent the recessive gene

59. Use a small case of the SAME letter to represent the recessive gene

60. Heterozygous Red Parent

61. The possible genes from one parent go here.

62. The possible genes from the other parent go here.

63. Draw the squares.

64. Fill in the letters.

65. These are the genes (genotypes) possible in the offspring.

66. 1 out of 4 are RR

67. 2 out of 4 are Rr

68. 1 out of 4 are rr

70. Gametes

72. Gamete Combinations

73. 1 / 4 are RR 1 / 2 are Rr 1 / 4 are rr

74. 3 / 4 are Red 1 / 4 are white

75. 3 / 4 are Red 1 / 4 are white Remember, it only takes ONE dominant gene for that trait to show...

76. 3 / 4 are Red 1 / 4 are white but BOTH genes must be recessive for that trait to show.

78. In certain trees, smooth bark is dominant over wrinkled. Cross two trees that are heterozygous for smooth bark. If there are 100 offspring produced, how many will have wrinkled bark?

79. What are the genotypes of the parents? In certain trees, smooth bark is dominant over wrinkled. Cross two trees that are heterozygous for smooth bark.

80. In certain trees, smooth bark is dominant over wrinkled. Cross two trees that are heterozygous for smooth bark. S s X S s

81. How do we begin to draw the Punnett square?

82. S s S s

83. S s S s SSSsSs SsSs ss

84. S s S s SSSsSs SsSs ss

85. S s S s SSSsSs SsSs ss

86. S s S s SSSsSs SsSs ss

87. S s S s SSSsSs SsSs ss

88. S s S s SSSsSs SsSs ss

89. S s S s SSSsSs SsSs ss This is the Punnett square for the cross.

90. S s S s SSSsSs SsSs ss What do we need to know?

91. S s S s SSSsSs SsSs ss Which square is wrinkled bark?

92. S s S s SSSsSs SsSs ss 1/4 wrinkled How do we use this to answer the question?

93. S s S s SSSsSs SsSs ss 1/4 wrinkled 25 out of 100 will have wrinkled bark.

94. In flying purple people eaters, one-horn is dominant and no-horn is recessive. Draw a Punnett square showing the cross between two heterozygous one-horn flying purple people eaters. Use H for one-horn and h for no-horn.

95. What are the genotypes of the parents?

96. What are the genotypes of the parents? H h X H h Now draw the Punnett square.

97. H h H h HHHh hh H = one-horn h = no-horn

98. In flying purple people eaters, one-eye is dominant and no-eye is recessive. Draw a Punnett square showing the cross between two heterozygous one-eye flying purple people eaters. Use E for one-eye and e for no-eye.

99. What are the genotypes of the parents?

100. What are the genotypes of the parents? E e X E e Now draw the Punnett square.

101. E e E e EEEe ee E = one-eye e = no-eye

102. The probability of independent events occurring together is the PRODUCT of the probabilities of the individual events.

103. If two heterozygous one-eye, one-horn flying purple people eaters are crossed, what fraction of the offspring will be no-horn, no-eye flying purple people eaters?

104. If two heterozygous one-eye, one-horn flying purple people eaters are crossed, what fraction of the offspring will be no-horn, no-eye flying purple people eaters? Use the 2 squares you have and the product rule to answer the question.

105. How many are no-horn?

106. 1 / 4 will be no-horn

107. 1 / 4 will be no-horn How many are no-eye?

108. 1 / 4 will be no-horn 1 / 4 will be no-eye

109. 1 / 4 will be no-horn 1 / 4 will be no-eye Using the product rule - 1 / 4 X 1 / 4 = 1 / 16 1 out of 16 will be no-horn, no-eye flying purple people eaters.

111. r w r w rrrw ww What's wrong with this Punnett square?

112. r w r w rrrw ww A Punnett square with no capital letters show incomplete dominance.

113. Dominance is incomplete in tulips. What color are the offspring when a homozygous red tulip is crossed with a homozygous white tulip?

114. Use the small case first letter of each trait to represent the genes. r = red w = white

115. rr rr X ww w w rw All the offspring are PINK.

116. What color are the offspring when two pink tulips are crossed?

117. rw rw X rw r w rrrw ww 1 / 4 red 1 / 2 pink 1 / 4 white

123. Genes for sex-linked traits are located on the X chromosome.

124. Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait - located on the X chromosome.

125. The gene for normal color sight is X C.

126. The recessive gene for colorblindness is X c.

127. What would be the genotype for a colorblind female?

128. What would be the genotype for a colorblind female? XcXcXcXcXcXcXcXc

129. What would be the genotype for a colorblind male?

130. What would be the genotype for a colorblind male? XcYXcYXcYXcY

131. This female would have normal vision but would be a "carrier" of the colorblind gene. XCXcXCXcXCXcXCXc

132. A S e x - L i n k e d T r a i t

133. Traits are influenced by sex hormones...

134. but located on a chromosome other than a sex chromosome.

135. "Male-pattern baldness is a sex-influenced trait.

136. Hair loss in women is usually a general thinning all over the scalp.

139. Traits controlled by the additive effect of multiple alleles.

140. It IS even possible for more than one pair of genes to have an effect on the same trait.

141. Bell Curve Average Value Extreme Value Extreme Value

142. Average Height ShortTall

143. ShorterLongerSame short or long index finger

144. Fold your hands together by interlocking your fingers.

145. Which thumb is on top?

146. Dominant - L_ Recessive - ll

147. Dominant - S_Recessive - ss

148. Dominant - T_Recessive - tt

149. Dominant - W_Recessive - ww

150. unattachedattached Dominant - E Recessive - ee

151. Dominant - D_Recessive - dd

152. Dominant - F_Recessive - ff

154. Male

156. Female

157. Marriage Line

158. Offspring Line

159. Sibling Line

160. Oldest child

161. Youngest child

162. Shows the trait in question

163. Does not show the trait in question

164. Carries the trait but does not show it

168. No Widow's Peak No Tongue-rolling Attached Ear Lobes Hitch-hiker's Thumb Pick a RECESSIVE trait that YOU have Right-thumbed

169. Write your name and the trait you are using at the top of the paper.

170. Color in YOUR square or circle on the chart

171. Take your pedigree chart home tonight and check the people on the chart that you can actually see.

172. Put a question mark in the squares or circles for those you do not see.

173. Bring your completed pedigree chart to class tomorrow.

174. Does A food taste the same to everyone?

175. WHY?

176. 1.Taste plain paper the control 2. Taste PTC paper describe the taste

177. Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is a chemical produced by plants like cabbage, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, turnips, and kale.

178. 70% of the U.S. population detects at least some bitterness when they taste PTC.

179. TT - very bitter Tt - slightly bitter tt - non-taster

180. Tasters show a greater sensitivity to a wide range of tastes...

181. including bitter, sweet, and oral irritants such as capsaicin in chili pepper

182. Non-taster and taster status has clear implications for one's perception of taste of a wide range of foods.

183. Genetic Engineering

184. the application of molecular genetics for a practical purpose.

185. Recombinant DNA is a combination of DNA from two or more sources.

186. One of the best applications of recombinant DNA today is the production of insulin.

187. The human gene for insulin production is isolated from a human cell.

188. The human gene is then inserted into bacteria DNA.

189. The recombinant DNA is inserted into a bacterial cell.

190. When the bacteria cell reproduces, all of its offspring will have the human gene.

191. Eventually, Trillions of bacteria cells are producing human insulin.

192. Vats of bacteria producing insulin

193. You want another one just like HIM?!!

194. The nucleus (DNA) is removed from an egg cell.

195. The nucleus (DNA) from a body cell is inserted into the empty egg cell.

196. A structure similar to a fertilized egg cell is produced.

197. The cell begins to divide and produce an embryo.

198. Eventually producing a complete organism.

200. Doctor, I believe your cloning protocols are wrong!

201. Eugenics, altering gene pools to improve the traits in human populations, was a thriving science in the 1930's.

202. Why isn't eugenics around today?

203. Why isn't eugenics around today?

208. Who is the father of modern genetics?

209. Who is the father of modern genetics? Gregor Mendel

210. How many pea traits did he follow?

211. How many pea traits did he follow? 7

212. What theory did Walter Sutton propose in 1903 that supported Mendel's ideas about traits?

213. chromosome theory What theory did Walter Sutton propose in 1903 that supported Mendel's ideas about traits?

214. A ___ is a segment of DNA controlling a trait.

215. gene A ___ is a segment of DNA controlling a trait.

216. A gene that masks the effect of another is ___

217. dominant gene A gene that masks the effect of another is ___

218. A gene whose effect is masked is ___

219. recessive gene A gene whose effect is masked is ___

220. A trait for which the genes of the pair are identical

221. homozygous trait A trait for which the genes of the pair are identical

222. A trait for which the genes of the pair are different

223. heterozygous trait A trait for which the genes of the pair are different

224. The genetic makeup of an organism

225. genotype The genetic makeup of an organism

226. The external appearance of an organism

227. phenotype The external appearance of an organism

228. An offspring from parents with different traits

229. hybrid An offspring from parents with different traits

230. Genes are combination of ___ (a number) DNA bases called codons.

231. 3 Genes are combination of ___ (a number) DNA bases called codons.

232. The passing of traits from one generation to the next

233. heredity The passing of traits from one generation to the next

234. A Punnett square is based on mathematical ___

235. probability A Punnett square is based on mathematical ___

236. Capital letters on a Punnett square represent

237. dominant genes Capital letters on a Punnett square represent

238. A Punnett square with no capital letters tells you

239. neither gene is dominant A Punnett square with no capital letters tells you

240. What is the name of a cross involving only one trait?

241. monohybrid cross What is the name of a cross involving only one trait?

242. What letters go here? X

243. rr

244. Genes for sex-linked traits are located on the ___ chromosome.

245. X Genes for sex-linked traits are located on the ___ chromosome.

246. Sex-influenced traits are different in each sex because of ___

247. sex hormones Sex-influenced traits are different in each sex because of ___

248. Traits controlled by the additive effects of multiple alleles are called ___ traits.

249. polygenic Traits controlled by the additive effects of multiple alleles are called ___ traits.

250. A chart tracing the history of a trait through several generations.

251. pedigree chart A chart tracing the history of a trait through several generations.

252. Males are represented by

254. females are represented by

256. Why is this square colored in?

257. He has the trait in question.

258. Why is this circle half-colored in?

259. She is a carrier.

260. Which is the oldest child?

261. The first one on the left is always oldest.

262. The application of molecular genetics for a practical purpose.

263. genetic engineering The application of molecular genetics for a practical purpose.

264. A combination of DNA from two or more sources.

265. recombinant DNA A combination of DNA from two or more sources.

266. Who is the father of modern genetics?

267. Who is the father of modern genetics? Gregor Mendel