1. Figure 20.1 What kind of organism is this?

2. No limbs Eastern glass lizard Monitor lizard Iguanas ANCESTRAL Snakes
(with limbs)
Snakes
Figure 20.2 Convergent evolution of limbless bodies
No limbs
Geckos

3. Kingdom: Animalia Domain: Bacteria Domain: Archaea Domain: Eukarya
Species: Panthera pardus
Genus: Panthera
Family: Felidae
Order: Carnivora
Class: Mammalia
Figure 20.3 Linnaean classification
Phylum: Chordata
Kingdom:
Animalia
Domain:
Bacteria
Domain:
Archaea
Domain:
Eukarya

4. Order Family Genus Species Felidae Panthera pardus (leopard) Panthera
Taxidea
taxus
(American
badger)
Taxidea
Carnivora
Mustelidae
Lutra lutra
(European
otter)
Lutra 1
Figure 20.4 The connection between classification and phylogeny
Canis
latrans
(coyote)
Canidae
Canis 2
Canis
lupus
(gray wolf) 4

5. where lineages diverge Taxon A
Branch point:
where lineages diverge
Taxon A 3
Taxon B
Sister
taxa 4
Taxon C 2
Taxon D 5
Taxon E
ANCESTRAL
LINEAGE 1
Taxon F
Figure 20.5 How to read a phylogenetic tree
Basal
taxon
Taxon G
This branch point
represents the common
ancestor of taxa A−G.
This branch point forms a
polytomy: an unresolved
pattern of divergence. 5

6. (Southern Hemisphere)
Results
Minke
(Southern Hemisphere)
Unknowns 1a,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Minke
(North Atlantic)
Unknown 9
Humpback
Unknown 1b
Blue
Figure 20.6 Inquiry: What is the species identity of food being sold as whale meat?
Unknowns 10,
11, 12, 13
Fin 6

7. Figure 20.7 Convergent evolution of analogous burrowing characteristics

8. 1 C C A T C A G A G T C C 2 C C A T C A G A G T C C Deletion 1 C C A T
G T A
Insertion 1
C C A T
C A
A G T C C
Figure Aligning segments of DNA (step 4) 2
G T A
C C A T
C A
A G T C C G 1
C C A T
C A
A G T C C 2
G T A G
C C A T
C A
A G T C C 8

9. A C G G A T A G T C C A C T A G G C A C T A T C A C C G A C A G G T
C T T
T G A
C T A G
Figure 20.9 A molecular homoplasy 9

10. (a) Monophyletic group (clade) (b) Paraphyletic group
(c) Polyphyletic group A A A 1 1 B
Group I B B
Group III C C C D D D E E
Group II E 2 2
Figure Monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups F F F G G G 10

11. TAXA Lancelet (outgroup) (outgroup) Lancelet Lamprey Leopard Bass
Frog
Turtle
Vertebral
column
(backbone) 1 1 1 1 1
Bass
Vertebral
column
Hinged jaws 1 1 1 1
Frog
Four
walking legs
Hinged jaws
CHARACTERS 1 1 1
Turtle
Four walking legs
Amnion 1 1
Figure Constructing a phylogenetic tree
Amnion
Hair 1
Leopard
Hair
(a) Character table
(b) Phylogenetic tree 11

12. Drosophila Lancelet Zebrafish Frog Chicken Human Mouse
Figure Branch lengths can represent genetic change
Mouse 12

13. Drosophila Lancelet Zebrafish Frog Chicken Human Mouse 542 251
Figure Branch lengths can indicate time
Mouse
PALEOZOIC
MESOZOIC
CENOZOIC
542
251
65.5 Present
Millions of years ago 13

14. Three phylogenetic hypotheses:
Technique
1/C I I
III
1/C II
III II
1/C
III II I
1/C
1/C
Species I
Species II
Species III
3/A
2/T
3/A
Three phylogenetic hypotheses: I I
III
2/T
3/A
4/C I I
III II
III II II
III II
4/C
4/C
2/T
III II I
3/A 4/C
2/T 4/C
2/T 3/A
III II I
Site
Figure Research method: applying parsimony to a problem in molecular systematics 1 2 3 4
Results
Species I C T A T I I
III
Species II C T T C II
III II
Species III A G A C
III II I
Ancestral sequence A G T T
6 events
7 events
7 events 14

15. Lizards and snakes Crocodilians Ornithischian dinosaurs Common
ancestor of
crocodilians,
dinosaurs,
and birds
Saurischian
dinosaurs
Figure A phylogenetic tree of birds and their close relatives
Birds 15

16. Figure 20.16 A crocodile guards its nest.

17. (b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture based on
Front
limb
Hind
limb
Eggs
Figure Fossil support for a phylogenetic prediction
(b) Artist’s reconstruction of the
dinosaur’s posture based on
the fossil findings
(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor
and eggs 17

18. Divergence time (millions of years)90 60
Number of mutations 30
Figure A molecular clock for mammals 30 60 90
120
Divergence time (millions of years) 18

19. Index of base changes between
0.15
HIV
Index of base changes between
HIV gene sequences
0.10
Range
Adjusted best-fit
line (accounts for
uncertain dates of
HIV sequences
0.05
Figure Dating the origin of HIV-1
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
Year 19

20. Euglenozoans Forams Diatoms Ciliates Domain Eukarya Red algae
Green algae
Land plants
Amoebas
Fungi
Animals
Nanoarchaeotes
Archaea
Domain
Methanogens
COMMON
ANCESTOR
OF ALL LIFE
Thermophiles
Figure The three domains of life
Proteobacteria
(Mitochondria)*
Chlamydias
Spirochetes
Domain Bacteria
Gram-positive
bacteria
Cyanobacteria
(Chloroplasts)* 20

21. Domain Eukarya Archaea Domain Domain Bacteria Fungi Plantae
Chloroplasts
Methanogens
Archaea
Domain
Ancestral cell
populations
Mitochondria
Thermophiles
Figure A tangled web of life
Cyanobacteria
Proteobacteria
Domain Bacteria 21