1. Cellular Respiration The process by which living things release energy stored in organic molecules Takes Place in 2 major stages Glycolysis Oxidative Respiration or Fermentation

2. Adenosine Triphosphate

3. Yeast in a Bottle Think about what is happening in this demo while you learn about Cell Respiration.

4. Yeast in a Bottle Experiment Materials Materials Test tubes Test tubes 2.5mL yeast (1/2 tbsp) 2.5mL yeast (1/2 tbsp) 2.5mL sugar 2.5mL sugar 20mL water (45 degrees Celsius or 110 F.) 20mL water (45 degrees Celsius or 110 F.) What affects the rate of cellular respiration in yeast?

6. I. Glycolysis - The splitting of glucose into 2 three Carbon molecules called Pyruvate Occurs in cytoplasm Occurs in cytoplasm NAD is reduced to NADH NAD is reduced to NADH CO 2 is released CO 2 is released 2 ATP produced 2 ATP produced Does NOT require OXYGEN Does NOT require OXYGEN

7. http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/tem plates/student_resources/shared_resources/ani mations/oxidative/oxidativephosphorylation.ht ml http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/tem plates/student_resources/shared_resources/ani mations/oxidative/oxidativephosphorylation.ht ml http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/tem plates/student_resources/shared_resources/ani mations/oxidative/oxidativephosphorylation.ht ml http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/tem plates/student_resources/shared_resources/ani mations/oxidative/oxidativephosphorylation.ht ml

8. II. Anaerobic vs Aerobic A. Anaerobic (w/o O 2 ) Fermentation Process by which pyruvate is converted into either alcohol and CO 2 or lactic acid Occurs in cytoplasm H from NADH is attached to pyruvate Only 2 ATP are produced

9. B. Aerobic (with O 2 ) Oxidative Respiration – process by which pyruvate is broken down to form MOST of the energy which is supplied to plants and animals Oxidative Respiration – process by which pyruvate is broken down to form MOST of the energy which is supplied to plants and animals Occurs in mitochondria Occurs in mitochondria Occurs in 2 major phases Occurs in 2 major phases Krebs Cycle  2 ATP are produced Krebs Cycle  2 ATP are produced Occurs in Matrix of Mitochondria Occurs in Matrix of Mitochondria Electron Transport Chain  32 ATP are produced Electron Transport Chain  32 ATP are produced Occurs in Inner Membrane of Mitochondria Occurs in Inner Membrane of Mitochondria

12. Each Cell uses between 1-2 billion ATP/min. Each Cell uses between 1-2 billion ATP/min. How many ATP’s are used each minute by all 100 trillion cells in the body? How many ATP’s are used each minute by all 100 trillion cells in the body? 1 glucose = 686 Cal 1 glucose = 686 Cal 1 ATP = 7 Cal 1 ATP = 7 Cal How efficient is aerobic respiration? How efficient is aerobic respiration? How does the efficiency of your cells compare to the efficiency of an automobile that are only 25% efficient in converting chemical energy into mechanical energy? How does the efficiency of your cells compare to the efficiency of an automobile that are only 25% efficient in converting chemical energy into mechanical energy?

13. Sources of Energy for contraction Glycolysis 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 ATP Lactic Acid Fermentation 2 ATP Lactic Acid Fermentation 2 ATP Aerobic Respiration 34 ATP Aerobic Respiration 34 ATP Creatine Phosphate (5x more than ATP) (donates Phosphate to ADP  ATP) Creatine Phosphate (5x more than ATP) (donates Phosphate to ADP  ATP) Exercise Requirements: 10 min. taps glycogen for glucose Exercise Requirements: 10 min. taps glycogen for glucose 10-30 min. Cells use either glucose or fatty acids (bloodstream) 10-30 min. Cells use either glucose or fatty acids (bloodstream) Beyond 30 min.  fatty acids are primary source Beyond 30 min.  fatty acids are primary source

14. Oxygen debt The amount of oxygen necessary to support the conversion of lactic acid to glycogen The amount of oxygen necessary to support the conversion of lactic acid to glycogen Oxygen  lactic acid  pyruvate  ATP or glucose  glycogen Oxygen  lactic acid  pyruvate  ATP or glucose  glycogen No Oxygen  lactic acid build up No Oxygen  lactic acid build up

15. Muscle Fatigue Inability of muscle to contract Inability of muscle to contract Results from a deficit of ATP and/or accumulation of lactic acid  lowers pH Results from a deficit of ATP and/or accumulation of lactic acid  lowers pH

16. 1. What is the function of Cellular respiration? What organisms do this process? 2. What are the two steps of Cellular Respiration? 3. What are the end products of Glycolysis? 4. Where in the cell does Glycolysis occur? (cytoplasm or mitochondria) 5. How many energy molecules are produced from Glycolysis? 6. What are the two steps to oxidative respiration? 7. Where do both of these energy-producing steps occur within the cell? (Cytoplasm or mitochondria)

17. What do you think of when you hear Fermentation?

18. What affects the rate of cellular respiration in yeast? Through a process called cellular respiration, the cells of most organisms use oxygen to release the energy that is stored in food molecules. Fungi use a different process, called fermentation, that does not use oxygen to release energy. During both cellular respiration and fermentation, energy is released when the chemical bonds that hold the food molecules together are broken. All organisms then use elements, such as carbon, to build their own biological molecules. The molecules left after these processes are waste products.

19. Fermentation

20. One of the waste products is carbon dioxide, a molecule that contains carbon. As organisms conduct cellular respiration or fermentation, they release waste carbon dioxide as a gas into the atmosphere. Photosynthetic organisms, such as plants, absorb this carb dioxide and use it in photosynthesis. The carbon gets incorporated into parts of the plant (for example, as part of the starch in a potato) and may end being consumed by yet another animal. The constant cycling of carbon through organisms to the atmosphere and back again is called carbon cycle.

21. Question: What affects the rate of cellular respiration in yeast? Question: What affects the rate of cellular respiration in yeast? Hypothesis: Hypothesis: Materials: Materials: Procedure: (step by step recipe) Procedure: (step by step recipe) Record: (data table, charts, etc) Record: (data table, charts, etc) Analyze and conclude. Analyze and conclude.

22. What affects the rate of cell respiration in yeast? 1. Does room temperature affect how much gas is created by the yeast? 2. Does the size of the container affect how much gas is created? 3. What water/room temperature helps the yeast create the most gas? 4. What "yeast food" helps the yeast create the most gas?