1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
Headings
Vocabulary
Important Info

2. Anatomy
science of structure
relationships revealed by dissection imaging techniques
Physiology
science of body functions

3. Clinical Observational Techniques
Palpation
feel body surface with hands
pulses and breathing rates
Auscultation
listen to body sounds with stethoscope
abnormal fluid in lungs
Percussion
tap on body surface and listen to echo
air in intestines

4. Levels of Organization
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organs
System Level
Organismic Level

5. Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical Level - atomic and molecular level
Cellular Level - smallest living unit of the body
Tissue Level - group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together on one task
4 basic tissue
epithelium
muscle
connective tissue
nerve

6. Organismic Level - one living individual.
Organ Level
grouping of 2 or more tissue types into a recognizable structure with a specific function.
Organ System
collection of related organs with a common function
sometimes an organ is part of more than one system
Organismic Level - one living individual.

7. Interactions of Body Systems
Example: Integumentary System & Skeletal System
Skin produces vitamin D needed for CA absorption and bone growth
Bone marrow produces cells which help the skin resist infection.

8. Life Processes Metabolism = sum of all chemical processes
breakdown of large molecules into small
building new structural components (proteins)
providing chemical energy for cells
Responsiveness
detect & respond to changes in internal or external environment
some typical responses
muscle contraction, electrical signals, hormone or glandular secretion

9. Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction any structural level
body, organ, cell or cell component
Growth
increase in number or size of cells or the material found between cells
Differentiation
specialization of cells for a specific function
stem cells give rise to cells that specialize
Reproduction
formation of new cells or new individuals

10. Autopsy Postmortem examination of body by dissection Purpose
confirm or determine cause of death
support findings of other tests
provide info on effects of drug usage
educate healthcare students
reveal congenital defects

11. Homeostatis
Maintaining the internal environment within physiological limits (internal balance)
First described by French physiologist,
Process named by Walter Cannon,
Example
blood glucose level is kept within narrow range /100ml

12. Homeostasis of Body Fluids
Delineation of fluid compartments
Intracellular Fluid (ICF) = w/i cells
Extracellular Fluid (ECF) = o/s cells
Intercellular Fluid = tissue fluid = interstitial fluid
Plasma = fluid portion of blood
Composition of fluids change as substances move between compartments
nutrients, oxygen, ions and wastes move in both directions across capillary walls

13. Control of Homeostasis
Homeostasis is continually being disrupted by:
External Stimuli
intense heat, cold , and lack of oxygen
Internal Stimuli
psychological stresses
exercise
Disruptions are usually mild & temporary
If homeostasis is not maintained, death may result

14. Neural and Endocrine Controls
Maintaining a controlled condition
sensory receptors detect change in a monitored variable
nervous system and/or endocrine system responds
Ex: Control of blood gas level
exercise increases blood CO2 levels
sensory receptors detect change
nervous system increases heart and breathing rates to remove excess CO2
adrenal gland releases epinephrine to increase heart and breathing rates

15. Components of Feedback Loop
Receptor
monitors a controlled condition
Control Center
determines next action
Effector
receives directions from the control center
produces a response that changes controlled condition

16. Negative & Positive Feedback Loops
Negative Feedback Loop
original stimulus reversed
most feedback systems in the body are negative
used for conditions that need frequent adjustment
body temperature, blood sugar levels, blood pressure
Positive Feedback Loop
original stimulus intensified
normal childbirth

17. Homeostasis of Blood Pressure
Pressure receptors in walls of certain arteries detect an increase in BP
Blood Pressure = force of blood on walls of vessels
Brain receives input and signals heart and blood vessels
Heart rate slows and arterioles dilate (increase in diameter)
BP returns to normal

18. Positive Feedback during Childbirth
Stretch receptors in walls of uterus send signals to brain
Brain releases hormone (oxytocin) into bloodstream
Uterine smooth muscle contracts more forcefully
More stretch, more hormone, more contraction etc.
Cycle ends with birth of the baby & decrease in stretch

19. Homeostatic Imbalances
Disorder = abnormality of function
Disease = homeostatic imbalance with distinct…
Symptoms: changes in body function felt by patient such as nausea
Signs: changes in body function that can be observed by doctor such as rash or fever
Diagnosis: skill of distinguishing one disease from another
Epidemiology: how disease is transmitted
Pharmacology: how drugs used to treat disease

20. Basic Anatomical Terminology
Regions of the body
Anatomical position
Anatomical planes, sections and directional terms

21. Anatomical Position Prone Position = lying face down
Supine Position = lying face up
Standardized position describing directional terms
standing upright
facing the observer, head level
eyes facing forward
feet flat on the floor
arms at the sides
palms turned forward

22. Common Regional Names She is standing in the Anatomical Position
Clinical terminology based on a Greek or Latin root word.
Fill in worksheet to help remember the terms

23. Planes & Sections
Plane: imaginary flat surface that passes through the body.
Section: one of the 2 surfaces (pieces) that results when the body is cut by a plane passing through it.

24. Sagittal Plane Sagittal Plane Midsagittal Plane Parasagittal Plane
divides the body or an organ into left and right sides
Midsagittal Plane
produces equal halves
Parasagittal Plane
produces unequal halves

25. Other Planes and Sections
Frontal or Coronal Plane
divides the body or an organ into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
Transverse or Horizontal Plane
cross-sectional
divides the body or an organ into upper (superior) or lower (inferior) portions
Oblique Plane
some combination of 2 other planes

26. Planes and Sections of the Brain(3-D anatomical relationships revealed)
Horizontal Plane
Frontal Plane
Midsagittal Plane

27. Major Directional Terms

28. Superior & Inferior Dorsal & Ventral Superior Dorsal or Posterior
Towards the head
Eyes are superior to mouth.
Inferior
Away from head
Stomach is inferior to the heart.
Dorsal or Posterior
Back of the body
Brain is posterior to the forehead.
Ventral or Anterior
Front of the body
Sternum is anterior to the heart.

29. Proximal or Distal Medial or Lateral Medial Lateral Proximal Distal
nearer to midline of body
Heart lies medial to lungs
Lateral
farther from midline of body
The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand.
Proximal
nearer to attachment of the limb to the trunk
The knee is proximal to the ankle.
Distal
farther from attachment of the limb to the trunk
The wrist is distal to the elbow.

30. Brain is posterior to the forehead.
Eyes are superior to mouth.
Stomach is inferior to the heart.
Sternum is anterior to the heart.
The knee is proximal to the ankle.
Heart lies medial to lungs
The wrist is distal to the elbow.
The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand.

31. Dorsal Body Cavity Near dorsal surface of body 2 subdivisions
Cranial Cavity
holds the brain
formed by skull
Vertebral or Spinal Canal
contains the spinal cord
formed by vertebral column
Meninges (system of membranes) line dorsal body cavity

32. Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic Cavity: above diaphragm
Near ventral surface of body
Visceral Organs (viscera): A group of internal organs housed in the ventral cavity
2 subdivisions
Thoracic Cavity: above diaphragm
Abdominopelvic Cavity: below diaphragm
Diaphragm = large, dome-shaped muscle
Organs called viscera
Organs covered with serous membrane

33. Abdominopelvic Cavity
Inferior portion of ventral body cavity below diaphragm
Encircled by abdominal wall, bones & muscles of pelvis

34. Thoracic Cavity
Encircled by ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscle
Divided into 2 pleural cavities by mediastinum
Mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except lungs
"middle" section of the chest cavity

35. Mediastinum Area behind the breastbone
Midline wall of tissue that contains heart and great vessels, esophagus, trachea and thymus.

36. Serous Membranes
Thin slippery membrane lines body cavities not open to the outside
parietal layer lines walls of cavities (outside)
visceral layer covers viscera (internal organs) within the cavities
Serous fluid reduces friction

37. Pleural & Pericardial Cavities
Visceral Pleura: clings to surface of lungs
Parietal Pleura: lines chest wall
Visceral Pericardium: covers heart
Parietal Pericardium: lines pericardial sac

38. Peritoneum
Visceral Peritoneum --- serous membrane that covers the abdominal viscera (organs)
Parietal Peritoneum --- serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall

39. Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants
Describe locations of organs or source of pain
Tic-tac-toe grid or intersecting lines through navel

40. Medical Imaging Allows visualization of structures without surgery
Useful for confirmation of diagnosis
Examples of imaging techniques

41. Conventional Radiography
A single burst of xrays
Produces 2-D image on film
Known as radiography or xray
Poor resolution of soft tissues
Major use is Osteology: study of bones

42. Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
Moving x-ray beam
Image produced on a video monitor of a cross- section through body
Computer generated image reveals more soft tissue detail
kidney & gallstones
Multiple scans used to build 3D views

43. Digital Subtraction Angiography(DSA)
Radiopaque material injected into blood vessels
Before and after images compared with a computer program
Image of blood vessel is shown on a monitor

44. Ultrasound (US) High-frequency sound waves emitted by hand-held device
Safe, noninvasive & painless
Image or sonogram is displayed on video monitor
Used for fetal ultrasound and examination of pelvic & abdominal organs, heart and blood flow through blood vessels

45. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Body exposed to high-energy magnetic field
Protons align themselves relative to magnetic field
Pulse of radiowaves used to generate an image on video monitor
Can not use on patient with metal in their body
Reveals fine detail within soft tissues

46. Positron Emission Tomography(PET)
Substance that emits positively charged particles is injected into body
Collision with negatively charged electrons in tissues releases gamma rays
Camera detects gamma rays & computer generates image displayed on monitor