1. CEE 210 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS Lecture 2: Composition of Living Matter Instructor: L.R. Chevalier Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Southern Illinois University Carbondale

2. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Objectives Investigate the composition of living matter Describe the importance of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid Explain how DNA and RNA handle biological information

3. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acid

4. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acid These form the majority of the cell ___________. They are important for structural material, energy metabolism and other metabolic functions

5. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acid Nucleic acid is responsible for ______________

6. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Carbon - The essential element 6p 6n Carbon (Atomic Number 6) Organic molecules contain carbon backbones. Every carbon atom will form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms, specifically other carbon atoms as well as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur atoms. By linking together of many smaller molecules, carbon is able to form very large polymers (macromolecules) many of which are important to human physiology.

7. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Carbohydrates These carbon-based molecules are the major source of energy for the body Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a set proportion ◦ ______________________ Carbohydrates are easily soluble in water due to the polar hydroxyl (OH - ) groups Ingested as sugars and starches Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acid

8. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Three types of carbohydrates _____saccharides are the simplest sugars ◦ Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) is the most abundant (found in fruit) ◦ Also fructose, galactose, ribose _____saccharides are carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides linked together. ◦ Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose (table sugar) ◦ Maltose is composed of glucose and glucose chains (found in beer and malt liquor) ◦ Lactose, milk sugar, is composed of glucose and galactose _____saccharides are formed when many monosaccharides link together into long chains ◦ Generally not sweet ◦ Glycogen in animal cells and starch in plant cells are both composed of thousands of glucose molecules linked together.

9. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Carbohydrate Energy from the bonding of C, H, and O Body uses the carbohydrate to generate glucose Glucose is broken down to produce adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the fundamental unity of energy Glucose can come from amino acids of protein if carbohydrate supply is low

10. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Proteins Composed of C, O, H and N Uses ◦ Source of energy ◦ Substrate for tissue growth and maintenance ◦ Biological functions ◦ Major component of bone and muscle Formation of Proteins ◦ Combination of 20 common amino acids ◦ 10 are essential for humans to obtain from food, since we cannot produce them  8 through life  2 essential during periods of rapid growth (infancy) ◦ Plants can produce all 20 amino acids Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acid

11. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Amino Acids http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html

12. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Lipids Lipids are predominantly composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms linked together by neutral covalent bonds. Lipids have two distinct regions ◦ Long non-polar (hydrophobic) hydrocarbon chain ◦ Hydrophilic carboxylic acid group Types of lipids ◦ Fat ◦ Steroids ◦ Wax The most important function of lipids is _________________ This membrane facilitates the transport of molecules in and out of the cell Also known in layman’s term as fat ◦ Valuable food source ◦ Each molecule of fatty acid can be converted into twice the number of ATP molecules as glucose Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acid

13. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things On-line reference for Lipids http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13204

14. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things On-line reference for Carbohydrates http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13104

15. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things On-line reference for Proteins http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13304

16. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things On-line Interactive: Construction of the Cell Membrane Be prepared to answer questions in-class. This on-line resource shows how some proteins are used in the construction of the cell membrane. http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1101

17. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Nucleic Acid The molecules that carry genetic information ◦ DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) ◦ RNA (ribonucleic acid) Travel to the tiny world of DNA beginning with the body and ending with the atoms that make up a single DNA base ◦ NOVA: Journey into DNA by Rick Groleau Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acid http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.html

18. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Biological Information Handling http://www.biologyforengineers.org/about.php 2005 Premier Award for Excellence in Engineering Education Courseware by the National Engineering Education Delivery System (NEEDS).

19. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Additional Resource on Replication of DNA

20. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Codon Wheel Table Inner circle signifies first nucleotide in codon, second circle signifies second nucleotide in codon, outer circle signifies third nucleotide in codon.

21. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Objectives Investigate the composition of living matter Describe the importance of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid Explain how DNA and RNA handle biological information

22. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things References Environmental Biology for Engineers and Scientists (Textbook) ◦ Chapter 3.6 Composition of Living Things Visionlearning ◦ http://www.visionlearning.com/ http://www.visionlearning.com/ Chemical Composition of the Body ◦ http://www.biology-online.org/9/1_chemical_composition.htm http://www.biology-online.org/9/1_chemical_composition.htm Amino acid demonstration ◦ http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html Cell biology animation ◦ http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.html Biomolecules: The Lipids, Wisconsin On-Line, Barbara Liang ◦ http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13204 http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13204 Biomolecules: The Carbohydrates, Wisconsin On-Line, Barbara Liang ◦ http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13104 http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13104

23. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things References Biomolecules: The Proteins, Wisconsin On-Line, Barbara Liang ◦ http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13304 http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13304 Construction of the Cell Membrane, Wisconsin On-Line, Barbara Liang ◦ http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1101 http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP1101 NOVA: Journey into DNA by Rick Groleau ◦ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.html Biology for Engineers ◦ http://www.biologyforengineers.org/about.php http://www.biologyforengineers.org/about.php Codon Wheel Table from DNA 2.0 (adapted from) ◦ https://www.dna20.com/index.php?pageID=251 https://www.dna20.com/index.php?pageID=251 Cellupedia ◦ http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/introduction.html http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/introduction.html

24. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things Sources of photographs and images in sidebar Human brain ◦ http://www.healthnak.com/mind/ http://www.healthnak.com/mind/ X-rays images ◦ http://martingallerycharleston.com/index.html http://martingallerycharleston.com/index.html Cold Virus (altered in Photoshop) ◦ http://medphoto.wellcome.ac.uk/ http://medphoto.wellcome.ac.uk/

25. Environmental Biology for Engineers Composition of Living Things About the Instructor Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Diplomat, Water Resources Engineering, American Academy of Water Resources Engineering (AAWRE) Board Certified Environmental Engineer, American Academy of Environmental Engineers (AAEE) Licensed Professional Engineer, State of Illinois