1. MACROMOLECULES a.k.a. Bio-Molecules a.k.a. Organic Molecules
A car isn’t one single thing.
It’s made from combining numerous parts that work together.
Often, those parts are made of even smaller parts.

2. Macromolecules
Organisms are similar except they are made of very specialized parts, organic parts.
There are numerous parts but there are 4 special ones that are common to all life.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

3. Objectives Macromolecules
Identify what are the chemicals of life made from.
Identify why carbon can be the basis of so many types of bio-molecules.
Restate 3 major functions of carbohydrates in cells.
Describe 2 functions of lipids.
Identify what determines the function of proteins.
Summarize the role of nucleic acids in a cell.

4. Vocabulary Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Amino acid Nucleic acid
Nucleotide
DNA
RNA
ATP

5. Group Discovery
You will work together in your assigned groups to explore the features of macromolecules first.
You will need to read through everything together, answer all questions, and complete all drawings for a complete introduction.
You will keep the 9-page packet in your notebooks.
You will turn in page 10 with your name on it.

6. Why We Study Macromolecules
Macromolecules are necessary to study for several important reasons.
They allow life to persist and thrive.
All organisms are made of all the same basic stuff put together in a million different ways.
How do you get these in your body?
You consume all of these when you eat other organisms and stuff made from other organisms.

7. Have you seen one of these?
This label has all kinds of important information.
There are fats, sugars, proteins, vitamins, etc.
These Nutrition Facts labels help you decide if you are getting the appropriate quantities in each meal.

8. Guided by FDA US Recommended Daily Allowance.

9. Achieving Balance.
You can find hundreds of example diets all describing various ways to be most healthy.
Vegan
Atkins
High protein.
As the graphic suggests, we need a balanced diet, representing all the organic molecules you’ll learn about today & you can obtain these from a variety of sources.
The closer you get to balance, the better off your health will be.

10. Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Carbohydrates Proteins Carbohydrates Fats
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Fats

11. Building Blocks of Cells
You know that all living things are made of cells.
The parts of a cell are made up of large, complex molecules, often called macromolecules.
These are also known as organic compounds or carbon compounds.
Large, complex macromolecules are built from a few smaller, simpler, repeating subunits arranged in an extremely precise way.
The basic atomic subunit of most macromolecules contain atoms of carbon.

12. Carbon Bonding Carbon: What number is it on the periodic table?
What major column does carbon fall under?
How many bonds can carbon then form?
Carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with as many as four other atoms.
It can form three major types of bonds.
C-C …Single carbon to carbon
C=C … Double
C≡C … Triple
Sorry, no quadruple bonds…

13. 1st Macromolecule: Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are molecules made of one or more simple sugars subunits.
A sugar contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
It’s abbreviated CHO
in a ratio of 1:2:1.
It’s formula is C6H12O6
Glucose is a common sugar found everywhere in nature.

14. Carbohydrates: Structure
Glucose is a monosaccharide, or “single sugar.”
So is fructose, dextrose, & ribose
Two sugars can be linked to make a disaccharide.
Sucrose, & lactose
Many monosaccharide subunits can be linked to make a polysaccharide (= “many sugars”)
Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are considered simple carbohydrates or simple sugars.
Polysaccharides are considered complex carbohydrates.

15. Carbohydrates: Functions
Cells use carbohydrates for sources of energy, structural materials, and cellular identification.
Carbohydrates are a major source of energy for many organisms, including humans.
It is used specifically to make ATP.
Used to make
ATP
Sugar

16. Water is released in a condensation reaction that forms a disaccharide
Energy Stored

17. Energy Released
Water is split in a dehydration reaction that forms 2 monosaccharides and releases energy
Stored
Energy

18. Carbohydrates: Structural Support
Chitin and cellulose are complex carbohydrates that provide (structural) support. Similar to the frame of a house.
Chitin is responsible for the hardness of shells of arthropods (insects) and crustaceans (crabs & such) and the cell walls of mushrooms.
Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants.
This helps them stand straight up.

19. Carbohydrates: Identification
In a complex organism, cells recognize neighboring cells by the short, branched chains of varying sugar units on their outer surface.

20. Complex Carbs in Food

21. Simple Carbs

22. Lipids
Lipids are another class of biomolecules, which includes fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
The main purpose of fats is to store energy and can actually do so more efficiently than carbohydrates.
Lipids consist of chains of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms. This structure makes lipids non-polar so they repel water.
Is water polar or non-polar?
Lipids separate from water and don’t dissolve in it.
Lipids will dissolve in other lipids, however.
This gives the term “fat soluble”

23. Lipids: Functions Lipids are non-polar & they can help control water.
It’s the main component of body fat but the cell’s outer membrane is made of phospholipids.
The structure of cell membranes depends on how phospholipids interact with water.
Waxes, found on the surfaces of plants and aquatic bird feathers, “waterproof” to help prevent evaporation of water from the cells of the organism.

24. Li-pids in the Membrane
Phospholipids
Phosphate head
Fatty acid tail
Cholesterol
Glycolipids

25. Phospholipids
The only reason why cells can form is because of the properties of phospholipids.
THEY ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT.
Hydrophilic heads “love” water and always point to it.
Hydrophobic tails “hate” water and always point away from it.

26. Fatty acids Fat subunits are fatty acids, and are often called as such
Trans (cis) “transfat”
Saturated
No bends or double carbon bonds
Unsaturated.
Contains one or more c=c bonds
Saturated fats are dangerous because of how close they can stack together in your blood vessels.
Because of the carbon-hydrogen bonds, lipids are also called hydrocarbons.
These are used for energy and lubrication.
Gasoline and oil are hydrocarbons.

27. Lipids in Food

28. Proteins Proteins are chains of amino acids subunits.
The amino acids twist and fold into certain shapes that determine what the proteins do.
There are thousands of proteins that perform many types of functions.
Structure
Support
Movement
Communication
Transportation
And carrying out chemical reactions

29. There are 20 different “R” groups giving the 20 different amino acids.
Amino acids are the subunits, the building blocks, of proteins.
20 different ones are bonded together in millions of ways to create the millions of proteins that exist.
There are 20 different “R” groups giving the 20 different amino acids.

30. Amino Acids Carboxyl group Amino group R group
Amino acids have three distinct areas.
The amino group
The carboxyl group
The R group, which 20 different options
Carboxyl group
Amino group
R group

31. Proteins,
A protein is a molecule made up of long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
Proteins are called polypeptides.
Poly = many
Peptide = amino acid subunits.

32. Proteins in Food

33. Nucleic Acids: Function & Subunits
Nucleic acids are the molecules that contain the hereditary information (directions for making traits) found in only living organisms.
A nucleic acid is a long chain of nucleotide subunits.
A nucleotide is a molecule made up of three parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group.
Nucleotides of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, contain the sugar deoxyribose.
Nucleotides of ribonucleic acid, or RNA, contain the sugar ribose.

34. DNA vs RNA Structure RiboNucleic Acid = RNA
Is missing one of the oxygen atom
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid = DNA
Has two oxygen molecules on the sugar

35. Nucleic Acids, continued
Hereditary Information
DNA molecules act as “instructions” for the processes of an organism’s life.
DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other.
Similar to a spiral staircase.
DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bonds.
RNA also interacts with DNA to help decode the information.
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.

36. Nucleic Acids, ATP Energy Carriers
Some single nucleotides have other important roles.
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the energy currency of cells.
It’s is a nucleotide that has three phosphate groups.
Energy is released in the hydrolysis reaction that breaks off the third phosphate group.
Other single nucleotides transfer electrons or hydrogen atoms for other life processes.

37. Hydrolysis of ATP to produce ENERGY

38. Questions? I have several for you & your group.
Go to your group tables. Pair up and get a wipe board and a wipe board marker.

39. What structure is this?
Water

40. Is water polar or non-polar?
How do you know?
If you split it in half the electrons are not shared equally.
Why is this important?
It allows water to interact with other polar substances, including itself.
Partially +
Partially -

41. Is carbon dioxide polar or non-polar?
How do you know?
If you split it in half the electrons are shared equally.
Why is this important?
This won’t interact with water or other polar molecules the same.

42. What type of bond is illustrated between 2 water molecules?
Hydrogen Bonds
Why are these important?
They allow all other properties of water to exist.

43. What are the 4 macromolecules?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

44. What is this macromolecule?
Sugar or carbohydrates.
Name 2 functions of carbohydrates
Energy, structures (like shells and plant stalks), identification.
Where is it found in the body?
Stored in the liver, floating in blood, on surface markers of cells…

45. What is this macromolecule?
Lipids or fats.
Name 1 function of fats.
Energy storage.
Where is it found in our body?
Fatty tissue and cell walls.

46. What is this molecule? Amino acid
It is a subunit of what macromolecule?
Proteins/ polypeptides
Amino acids are held together by what type of bond?
Proteins are found where in the body?
Muscles, enzymes,

47. What is this macromolecule?
Nucleic acid… specifically a nucleotide of DNA
What is the building block of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What do nucleic acids do?
Store hereditary information… the directions for life.
What is ATP
The energy currency in cells.

48. What is this structure?
Cell Membrane

49. What does this structure do?
Protect the inside of the cell from the outside and regulate what goes in and out.

50. Name 2 of the macromolecules that appear in the structure below.

51. Name the function that these 2 macromolecules perform in the cell/membrane.
Sugar = Identification
Lipids = the lipid bilayer, regulates entry/exit
Proteins = Enzymes, channels for water,
Nucleic acids = ATP give energy, DNA & RNA hold hereditary information

52. Summary
Large, complex biomolecules are built from a few smaller, simpler, repeating subunits arranged in many but precise ways.
Cells use carbohydrates, simple sugars and complex carbohydrates, for sources of energy, structural materials, and cellular identification.
The main functions of lipids (triglycerides, phospholipids, hormones) include storing energy and controlling water movement

53. Summary, continued
Proteins are chains of amino acids that serve functions of structure, motions immunity, chemical reactions, energy, and nutrient storage.
Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) store and transmit hereditary information as well as are the source of universal energy (ATP).

54. Summary
Cells are constructed with and contain smaller, independent organic molecules composed of carbon atoms bonded with other elements, forming unique subunits.
There are 4 classes of organic molecules.
Each have unique properties and uses.
We create ourselves by in taking these molecules in the foods we eat, deconstructing them, then reassembling them…metabolism
Health is achieved by acquiring the right numbers of these.
The right numbers is determined by eating a balanced diet.
For homework, you should have brought a nutrition label for a food you eat commonly.
We’ll use these to determine how balanced this macronutrient source is.

55. Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Carbohydrates Proteins Carbohydrates Fats
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Fats
Everything you eat can be compared to RDI

56. Name one thing you can eat that contains each macromolecule
Carbohydrates
Sugar, plants,
Lipids
Meat, dairy, butter, oils
Proteins
Meat, dairy, beans,
Nucleic Acids
The building blocks are in anything that is or once was living… gross.

57. Link to Your Life…
Everything you should eat should have a good supply of the organic molecules of life.
Why do you think that is?
This is to ensure that we have enough of the subunits to be healthy.
When we eat food, we break the molecules down into their subunits and absorb them into our blood stream…METABOLISM
Our cells then take these subunits and re-build them into new organic molecules that we need.
A healthy balance of all the building blocks of cells is necessary for a healthy metabolism.
You determine the balance of the molecules by calculating how much of each there are in the foods you eat.
Total amount = Grams per serving x the number of servings

58. Assignment
You received a worksheet with guiding questions, analysis, & conclusions to determine if the food source you chose is “balanced”.
Answer the questions on the worksheet, complete the analysis, and make your conclusions by Monday.
Attach your label to your work. Otherwise, copy the information from the given labels and attach this to your work.

59. Practice Identify the serving size information. Locate Fat
How much per serving?
How many servings?
Total grams?
Locate Fat
How much total?
What % is fat?
Any Questions?
On to your Work.
Due Tomorrow.
1 cup 7
406 (58g x 7) 3g
3g x 7 = 21g
3g/58g x 100= 5%

60. Where are the Nucleic Acids?
Snickers
Subway turkey sub
Where are the Nucleic Acids?
If the product was living or is still living it has nucleic acids. If it was living and cooked or processed the nucleic acids were destroyed.
Taco Supreme

61. Nutrition Label Analysis ( /25pts…Due )
The USDA suggests that we eat a certain proportion of the basic food groups. Find and cut out a nutrition label from a food you eat often. Paste this nutrition label to a piece of paper and answer these questions in the area around your label:
List: Serving size (grams), # of servings per container, total grams.
What is the organic molecule also known as fat?
What are the subunits for fat (what are they made of)?
Name 3 examples of foods that contains this organic molecule.
What % of your food is fat per package? [(Total fat grams/total grams) x 100]
What is the organic molecule also known as sugar?
What is the subunit for sugar?
Name 3 examples of foods that contain these organic molecules, 1 being high in starch.
What % of your food is sugar per package?
What is the organic molecule made of the subunits amino acids?
Name one organism that contains a high percentage of protein.
What % of your food is protein per package?
What is the organic molecule that contains hereditary information?
What are the subunits that compose this organic molecule?
Name 3 examples of foods that would contain this organic molecule.
Does your food contain any of this organic molecule? How do you know?
Analysis: Construct a circle graph of your food and label the percentage distribution of fat, sugar, protein, and other ingredients.
Conclusion: Label your estimate on the percentage the myplate.gov plate suggests you eat. Compare your circle graph with the myplate.gov plate. Do you think that the food you chose is a good, balanced source of the organic molecules you need for a healthy life? Why?