1. Fermentation Chapter 9

2. What you need to know! The difference between fermentation and cellular respiration.

3. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Production of ATP in the absence of oxygen 2 types of fermentation: Alcoholic fermentation Lactic acid fermentation

4. Organisms Facultative anaerobic organisms –Can do aerobic or anaerobic cellular respiration (CR) depending on the situation –Ex: yeast Obligate Anaerobic Organisms –Require oxygen free environment (die in the presence of O 2 ) –Ex: certain soil and lake bacteria Obligate aerobic organisms –Require O 2 –Ex: All vertebrates

5. Fermentation: 2 step process 1.Glycolysis ATP generation (NAD+) + (H+) + e-  NADH 2.Fermentation (regeneration) NAD+ regeneration NADH  (NAD+) + byproducts (specific to fermentation type)

6. Alcoholic Fermentation Location: cytoplasm of yeast and other bacteria Reason: NADH must be recycled back into NAD+ so glycolysis can continue Rx: Pyruvic acid + NADH + H+  Ethanol + CO 2 + NAD+ CO2 creates carbonation in bear, fizz in champagne, and leavens dough Small quantities of alcohol are made whenever you eat by anaerobic organisms that live in your intestines The liver degrades alcohol using alcohol dehydrogenase

7. Lactic Acid Fermentation Location: cytoplasm of muscle cells Reason: O2 deficiency Rx: Pyruvic acid + NADH + H+  Lactic Acid + NAD+ Lactic acid causes muscle soreness (burning) It takes days to break down lactic acid

8. Muscle Categories Fast Twitch Strength, large diameter, white color, produce lots of lactic acid Ex: biceps, chest muscles Slow Twitch Endurance, slim diameter, red color, have lots of mitochondria, intense vascularization Ex: posture muscles

9. ATP Yield Anaerobic yields 4 ATP during glycolysis –2 ATP activation cost Net Gain 2 ATP Aerobic yields 38 ATP during all 3 steps –2 ATP activation cost Net Gain 36 ATP Aerobic CR is 18 X’s more efficient per glucose molecule