2. LONG, COLD WINTERS LITTLE PRECIPITATION STRONG WINDS BRIEF SUMMERS IN SOUTHERN REGION WETLANDS/ LAKES FORM

3. BIODIVERSITY (1)CLIMATE/(2) CHARACTERISTICS (1)The average temperature is -10 degrees Celsius. (2) Extremely cold temperatures Low biotic diversity Simple vegetation structure The word Tundra comes from a Russian word meaning treeless. LOWLOW

4. Adaptations Camouflage- changing color with the seasons Thick fur for warmth Body fat for warmth Specialized feet for walking on snow/ice Migration Living in groups

5. PRODUCERS IN THE TUNDRA: Tundra Plants have a short growing season. Tend to grow low to the ground.

7. Liverworts Grasses Caribou moss Lichens PRODUCERS

8. Pikas, Musk Ox Caribou, Lemmings Arctic Hares Liverworts Grasses Caribou moss Lichens Primary Consumers : PRODUCERS

9. Kittiwakes Snowy Owls Arctic Fox Pikas, Musk Ox Caribou, Lemmings Arctic Hares Liverworts Grasses Caribou moss Lichens Secondary consumers Primary Consumers : PRODUCERS

10. Polar Bears Kittiwakes Snowy Owls Arctic Fox Pikas, Musk Ox Caribou, Lemmings Arctic Hares Liverworts Grasses Caribou moss Lichens Secondary consumers Tertiary Consumer Primary Consumers : PRODUCERS

11. Bacteria/fungiBacteria/fungi Kittiwakes Snowy Owls Arctic Fox Pikas, Musk Ox Caribou, Lemmings Arctic Hares Liverworts Grasses Caribou moss Lichens The producers convert light energy into glucose. The herbivores eat the producers. The energy flows from the producers to the primary consumers.

12. Bacteria/fungiBacteria/fungi Kittiwakes Snowy Owls Arctic Fox Pikas, Musk Ox Caribou, Lemmings Arctic Hares Liverworts Grasses Caribou moss Lichens The secondary consumers are carnivores and omnivores. They get energy from consuming the herbivores. They INDIRECTLY get the energy from the sun.

13. Bacteria/fungiBacteria/fungi Kittiwakes Snowy Owls Arctic Fox Pikas, Musk Ox Caribou, Lemmings Arctic Hares Liverworts Grasses Caribou moss Lichens The tertiary consumers must control the populations of the primary and secondary consumers. The polar bear will feed on sick, weak and lame individuals.

14. WATER CYCLE IN THE TUNDRA

15. RELATIONSHIPS IN THE TUNDRA COMPETITION MUSK OX v Caribou- both are herbivores, grazing on sedges, mosses and grasses.

16. Symbiotic Relationships LICHEN FUNGUS + ALGAE BOTH BENEFIT LICHEN ARE PIONEER PLANTS IMPORTANT PRODUCER IN THE TUNDRA CLIMATE.

17. REMOVAL OF TERTIARY CONSUMER? Tertiary Consumers, like the Polar Bear, have an important niche…. …. Control the population of herbivores. Without the Polar Bear, the herbivores would overpopulate. Remember carrying capacity?

18. Loss of Secondary Consumer… The Arctic Fox goes EXTINCT…. + There would be MORE food for competitors like the polar bear, snowy owl and kittiwake. + The prey of the arctic fox may experience a population boom because it’s top predator is gone. - Overpopulation may occur???

19. Factors that could Endanger… Habitat loss due to global warming!!!

20. S7L4. Students will examine the dependence of organisms on one another and their environments. a. Demonstrate in a food web that matter is transferred from one organism to another and can recycle between organisms and their environments. b. Explain in a food web that sunlight is the source of energy and that this energy moves from organism to organism. c. Recognize that changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of both individuals and entire species. d. Categorize relationships between organisms that are competitive or mutually beneficial. e. Describe the characteristics of Earth ’ s major terrestrial biomes (i.e. tropical rain forest, savannah, temperate, desert, taiga, tundra, and mountain) and aquatic communities (i.e. freshwater, estuaries, and marine).