1. Early Modern England Title page from Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes

2. Centralized Government and Tudor Monarchy Absolute Monarchy and Parliamentary Crisis: the Stuarts James I (1603-1625) Charles I (1625-1649) The Protectorate (1649-1660) Charles II (1660-1685) James II (1685-1688)

3. The Stuarts James I (1603-1625)

4. Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy James I was less skillful, politically, than Elizabeth; he stubbornly insisted on the concept of absolute, divine right monarchy, but his royal power was undermined by faction, corruption and the growing economic power of the merchant class

5. The Stuarts Charles I (1625-1649)

6. Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy Charles I continued the absolutist agenda of his father

7. Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy Charles I continued the absolutist agenda of his father Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 when Parliament refused to raise new taxes without consideration of their grievances

8. Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy Charles I continued the absolutist agenda of his father Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 when Parliament refused to raise new taxes without consideration of their grievances Merchant class had gained economic power, but still had less political power than the landed aristocracy

9. Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy Charles I continued the absolutist agenda of his father Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 when Parliament refused to raise new taxes without consideration of their grievances Merchant class had gained economic power, but still had less political power than the landed aristocracy Charles governed without Parliament by raising “ship money”; excise taxes on the continually growing import and export trade that came through England’s port cities

10. Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy Charles I continued the absolutist agenda of his father Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 when Parliament refused to raise new taxes without consideration of their grievances Merchant class had gained economic power, but still had less political power than the landed aristocracy Charles governed without Parliament by raising “ship money”; excise taxes on the continually growing import and export trade that came through England’s port cities In 1640, faced with the military costs of putting down a peasant’s rebellion in Ireland and a threatened attack from Scottish nobles at the same time, Charles re-called Parliament

11. Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy Charles I continued the absolutist agenda of his father Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 when Parliament refused to raise new taxes without consideration of their grievances Merchant class had gained economic power, but still had less political power than the landed aristocracy Charles governed without Parliament by raising “ship money”; excise taxes on the continually growing import and export trade that came through England’s port cities In 1640, faced with the military costs of putting down a peasant’s rebellion in Ireland and a threatened attack from Scottish nobles at the same time, Charles re-called Parliament Parliament refused to raise taxes without redress of grievances, so Charles dissolved Parliament again

12. Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy Charles I continued the absolutist agenda of his father Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 when Parliament refused to raise new taxes without consideration of their grievances Merchant class had gained economic power, but still had less political power than the landed aristocracy Charles governed without Parliament by raising “ship money”; excise taxes on the continually growing import and export trade that came through England’s port cities In 1640, faced with the military costs of putting down a peasant’s rebellion in Ireland and a threatened attack from Scottish nobles at the same time, Charles re-called Parliament Parliament refused to raise taxes without redress of grievances, so Charles dissolved Parliament again Parliament refused to dissolve, and instead formed an army and engaged in Civil War

13. Early Modern England The Beheading of Charles I (1649), Anonymous Dutch Engraving

14. The Protectorate Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector (1649-1658)

15. The Protectorate In 1649, the Parliamentary forces, under Cromwell, captured the King and put him on trial for treason; the King was convicted, and executed

16. The Protectorate In 1649, the Parliamentary forces, under Cromwell, captured the King and put him on trial for treason; the King was convicted, and executed Under the “protectorate,” during the “interregnum,” England didn’t have a King; Oliver Cromwell ruled as “Lord Protector”

17. The Protectorate In 1649, the Parliamentary forces, under Cromwell, captured the King and put him on trial for treason; the King was convicted, and executed Under the “protectorate,” during the “interregnum,” England didn’t have a King; Oliver Cromwell ruled as “Lord Protector” In effect, Cromwell was a military dictator

18. The Stuarts Charles II (1660-1685)

19. Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy In 1660, Charles II was recalled from France to become a “constitutional monarch” with reduced powers

20. Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy In 1660, Charles II was recalled from France to become a “constitutional monarch” with reduced powers Merchant class had more political power

21. Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy In 1660, Charles II was recalled from France to become a “constitutional monarch” with reduced powers Merchant class had more political power Political parties—“Tories” and “Whigs” emerged at this time

22. The Stuarts James II (1685-1688)

23. Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy In 1685, Charles II died and his brother, James II became king

24. Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy In 1685, Charles II died and his brother, James II became king James was a Catholic; he had to agree that his successor would not be a Catholic monarch

25. Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy In 1685, Charles II died and his brother, James II became king James was a Catholic; he had to agree that his successor would not be a Catholic monarch James was seen as a threat by many because of his “absolutist” tendencies

26. Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy In 1685, Charles II died and his brother, James II became king James was a Catholic; he had to agree that his successor would not be a Catholic monarch James was seen as a threat by many because of his “absolutist” tendencies James was deposed in 1688 in the “Glorious Revolution”

27. Centralized Government and Stuart Monarchy In 1685, Charles II died and his brother, James II became king James was a Catholic; he had to agree that his successor would not be a Catholic monarch James was seen as a threat by many because of his “absolutist” tendencies James was deposed in 1688 in the “Glorious Revolution” He was replaced not by his Catholic son, Prince James, but by his protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, William

28. The Stuarts William and Mary (1689-1702)