1. Early Civilizations The blossoming of life as we know it…

2. Early Civilizations: In order from oldest-youngest 1234 The Olmecs 3,500 years ago The Mayas 3,000 years ago The Aztecs 700 years ago The Incas 500 years ago

3. The Olmecs (1200 B.C. – 600 B.C.) LocationEconomyArt and Science Government and Religion Central America: Along the Gulf of Mexico Farming: Grew Surplus (extra) crops to sell to nearby cities Carved stone: 10ft carved stone heads Well organized government, Different social classes and complex religion

4. The Mayas (250 A.D. – 900 A.D.) LocationEconomyArt and Science Government and Religion Central America: Mexico/Guatemala Farming: Maize (corn) was most important crop Used slash-and-burn agriculture – trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land. The Mayan Calendar: Developed to help Mayans know when to hold religious celebrations. (First 365 day calendar like our own) Numbers: First to have concept of “zero” Hieroglyphics: A system of writing using signs and symbols Priests and Nobles: Most power held by Priests who lived in the center of the city in large palaces. Mayas were Polytheistic.

5. The Aztecs (1325 A.D. – 1521 A.D.) LocationEconomyArt and Science Government and Religion Central America: Mexico Farming: Swampy Land Aztecs built island gardens to grow crops and even built aqueducts to transport water. Farmers used boats to transport produce to the capital. Aztec Calendar: Based on Mayan calendar. Had 13 months of 20 days each. Astronomy: Aztecs were skilled at studying the stars. Schools: Tenochtitlan (capital city) had schools and a university for boys from noble families. Strict Class System: Emperor  royal family, nobles, priests and military leaders  soldiers,  Artisans (skilled creators of jewelry, pottery, sculpture)  farmers (largest group)  Slaves (most were prisoners of war) Human Sacrifice: (polytheistic) Most important god was the Sun god. Priests thought the sun would not have the strength to rise and cross the sky each day without human blood. Without sun, no crops!

6. The Incas (1400s A.D. – 1535 A.D.) LocationEconomyArt and Science Government and Religion South America: Andes Mountains (Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina) Farming: Terraces - Step-like ledges cut into mountains needed to create flat land to farm. Quipu: a group of knotted strings used to keep track of information like births, deaths and harvests. Engineering: Used stone to build long lasting buildings and built bridges. Buildings were so well made, most are still standing today. Sapa Inca: Incan ruler/emperor. People believed he was related to the sun-god. He owned all the land and divided it among the people. (Polytheistic) Census: an official count of the people to keep track of responsibilities and taxes.

7. The Moundbuilders: AdenaHopewellMississippians Time Period 600 B.C. To 100 B.C. 200 B.C. To 400 A.D.700 A.D. To 1250 A.D. Location Eastern: Ohio Valley Eastern: Ohio River Eastern: Wide-spread Culture Mounds used as tombs Traded long distance Lived in small communities Grew crops and traded Learned to dry and store food traded had centers of government and religion What happened? UnknownNot sure: may have been climate change or overpopulation Unknown Native American Groups who built earthen mounds

8. Other Natives: Anasazi/PuebloPlainsWoodlands Time Period 100 To 1300 A.D.1000s To Today Location Southwest: New Mexico Midwest: Great Plains USA/Canada: Woodlands Culture -created jewelry, baskets, and pottery -Built Pueblos: houses made of adobe clay/stone -Used kivas: round rooms for religious ceremonies -individual groups had own languages and traditions -lived in lodges or tipis -Fished and hunted -lived in wooden homes -built totem poles (like a family crest) -Men often at war What happened? - Severe droughts forced them to abandon their homes. - European explorers forced natives to share their land and spread diseases - Native Americans still exist, but in fewer numbers -Joined together with other groups for protection, but still heavily defeated by Europeans.