1. 1 Chapter 6 Digestive System The Language of Gastroenterology Chapter 6 Lesson 4 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. 2 Functions of the Liver Manufacture bile and blood proteins Remove bilirubin and toxins from blood Convert proteins & fats into glucose Remove excess glucose & store as glycogen Store fat & fat soluble vitamins Excrete bile Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. 3 Liver Language Bile-fluid secreted into duodenum Bili(ary)-(pertaining to) bile Bilirubin-bile pigment formed from hemoglobin Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

4. 4 Liver Process Gluco neo genesis sugar new creation Gluconeogenesis: creation of sugar from non-carbohydrate sources Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5. 5 Word Elements Hepat =liver Root Hepat (ic)= (pertaining to) the liver Hepat (itis)= (inflammation of) the liver Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

6. 6 Hepatitis A (HAV) Highly contagious Causes mild to severe infection Transmitted by oral-fecal route (contaminated food) Frequently occurs in schools, camps, institutions Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7. 7 Hepatitis B (HBV) Also known as: serum hepatitis Transmitted through body fluids and needles Some people become chronic carriers Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

8. 8 Hepatitis C (HCV) Most common blood-borne infection in the United States Transmitted by blood and body fluids (like HBV) Many carriers are asymptomatic Can progress to cirrhosis Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

9. 9 Cirrhosis of the Liver Chronic, irreversible disease Replaces normal liver cells with scar tissue 7 th leading cause of death in the U.S. Most common cause is alcoholism Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

10. 10 Liver Function Tests: LFTs 1.Measure liver proteins in blood serum 2.Measure liver enzymes in blood serum 3.Measure cholestatic liver enzymes in blood serum 4.Measure bilirubin in the blood stream Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11. 11 Gallbladder Location:sac underside of the liver Function:stores and concentrates bile Inflammation: cholecyst (itis) Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

12. 12 Biliary Tract System of ducts get bile FROM liver >> TO duodenum CYSTIC DUCT+ HEPATIC DUCT (gallbladder) (liver) = common bile duct Choledoc/o (CF) empties into: duodenum Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

13. 13 Gallstones Formed from: excess cholesterol, bile salts and bile pigment Risk factors: obesity, high cholesterol diets, multiple pregnancies, rapid weight loss Removal: ERCP or ESWL Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

14. 14 Jaundice (Icterus) 1.obstructive jaundice Blockage of bile usually due to gallstones 2.hemo/lytic jaundice (hemolysis = destruction of RBCs) is accelerated 3.hepato/cellul/ar jaundice (liver cells) infection or poison injures liver cells Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

15. 15 Gallbladder Elements Chol – Chol/ebile Cystbladder Choledoc/ocommon bile duct Angi/ovessel Ectomysurgical excision Graphyto record Itisinflammation Lithstone Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

16. 16 Functions of the Pancreas Secretes digestive juices Pancreatic islet cells secrete A. Insulin B. Glucagon for regulation of blood sugar All interact in diabetes. Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17. 17 Special Pancreatic Cells Acinar cells - enzyme excreting cells ar – pertaining to acin – grape Islet cells - hormone secreting cells islet – small island Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

18. 18 Disorders of the Pancreas Pancreat(itis) - itis - inflammation of Pancreatatic (adj) CA – cancer Type 1,2 diabetes – relate to insulin production Cystic Fibrosis (CF) – affects pancreas directly Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

19. 19 Keynote Pancreas – only organ that is both: a. endocrine gland secretes hormones into bloodstream b. exocrine gland excretes pancreatic digestive juices (enzymes) through the pancreatic duct Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

20. 20 Element Review MONOsaccharide DIsaccharide TRIglyceride POLYsaccharide MONO = one DI= two TRI = three POLY = many Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.