1. Accessory Organs

2.  Not part of the digestive tract  BUT they are necessary.

3. LIVER  First organ to receive blood after digestion.

5. LIVER  Functions: (6)  1. Produces and secretes bile (Stored in the gall bladder)

6. LIVER  2. Breakdown blood cells and hemoglobin.

7. LIVER  3. Produces uria from nitrogen breakdown.

8. LIVER  4. Makes many proteins and enzymes.

9. LIVER  5. Removes poison from blood. (Filtering system).

10. LIVER  6. Glucose homeostasis – maintaining blood sugar level.

11. DISORDERS  Jaundice: Yellow skin  Yellow eyes  Cuticles are yellow  Liver isn’t functioning

12.  Bilirubin is a byproduct of the normal breakdown of red blood cells. The liver processes bilirubin so that it can be excreted by the body as waste. At birth, a baby's liver is still developing its ability to process bilirubin. Therefore, bilirubin levels are a little high at birth and jaundice is present to some degree in almost all newborns. This form of jaundice usually appears between day 2 and 5 and clears by 2 weeks. It usually causes no problems.

13. PHOTOTHERAPY

15. DISORDERS  Gallstones: Small deposits of fat  Hard, not a problem until duct is blocked

17.  Bile contains water, cholesterol, fats, bile salts, proteins, and bilirubin. Bile salts break up fat, and bilirubin gives bile and stool a yellowish color. If the liquid bile contains too much cholesterol, bile salts, or bilirubin, under certain conditions it can harden into stones.

20.  Can your diet influence gallstones?  YES  Other causes:  Obesity, estrogen, ethnicity, gender, age, diabetes, fasting, rapid weight loss… All of which increase cholesterol levels in bile.

21. Disorders  Hepatitis: Inflammation of liver caused by viruses and/or bacteria. Six recognized types (A, B, C, D, E, G.

22.  Hepatitis A: transmitted by contaminated food/water  Hepatitis B: transmitted by blood, needles, sexual relations (body fluids)  Hepatitis C: (cause found in 1989) Blood, Sexually transmitted, when chronic very dangerous.

24. Hepatitis B

25. This woman is not pregnant. She has hepatitis B and is suffering from liver cancer. Photo taken in a Thailand refugee camp. This woman was a Cambodian refugee. She died four months after she arrived in the camp (average life expectancy after diagnosis of liver cancer is four months.)

26. Disorders  Cirrhosis: Tissue in the liver is replaced with fat or scar tissue caused by alcohol.

28. Clubbing results from chronic low blood- oxygen levels. The tips of the fingers enlarge and the nails become extremely curved from front to back.