1. Enhance Livelihoods in Pastoral Areas South Sudan

2. Compromise between the need of cash and the need of keeping the animal as it represent a productive/reproductive capital to recover after the crisis, contribute to stock building, expresses social status The basic economic logic is that poorer pastoral households need to build herds before more commercially-orientated market engagement becomes feasible. This behavior does not reflect a fixation with acquiring livestock for reasons of social status only, but, is a rationale economic strategy given the vulnerability context, and the high economic returns from livestock relative to other economic opportunities in these areas 1. Pastoral systems are economically viable but fragile as they manage a fragile environment Based on risk management Spatial management which needs to maintain mobility as best way to utilize resources Accumulation of capital only in livestock assets (increase the risk and diminish it at the same time) Strategic sale to get cash in return to purchase food, services, items, social obligations Need to maintain a minimum herd size to face future risk and face social obligations ManagementManagement

3. Pastoral systems are under threat therefore livelihood and food security are under threat too Any of the factors undermining pastoral livelihood consequently put at risk the capacity pastoralist have to produce or purchase food. Diminishing natural resources, grazing patterns and corridors progressive land sequestration Erosive impact of livestock diseases Insufficient market access and declining terms of trade, commodities price steadily increasing Insufficient market access and declining terms of trade, commodities price steadily increasing Water scarcity, Insecurity, conflicts, cattle rustling Water scarcity, Insecurity, conflicts, cattle rustling Little investment to enhance pastoral production system and alternative livelihood

4. 11.7 million cattle, 12.4 million goats and 12.1 million sheep, this amounts to the sixth largest livestock herd in Africa with an asset value roughly estimated at SDG 7 billion. More than 85% of all households in Southern Sudan are livestock producers/keepers Estimated number of 950,000 livestock keepers engaged in pastoralism and agro-pastoralism who are considered as the main livestock keepers In comparison with the relatively low human population this places Southern Sudan as the country with the highest livestock per capita ratio in Africa with a calculated average number of livestock to be 25 per household South Sudan, livestock snapshot

5. Increase herd size to: 1.capitalize (environmental stress increases risk) 2.sell (terms of trade are progressively deteriorating) Increase herd size to: 1.capitalize (environmental stress increases risk) 2.sell (terms of trade are progressively deteriorating) 7%-14% Sub-SaharaSouth Sudan 10%- 3% < 4% 20-40%- 10-15 % Commercial off-takeMortalityHerd size Southern Sudan could be losing more than 1 million cattle (both young and mature) and 3 million shoats annually through death, over and above the tolerable levels 1.5 - 3.5% ?% Annual growth South Sudan on the edge

6. < 4% 20-40%- 10-15 % 2 - 3 % ? X % Y % Smaller livestock keepers are less resilient Animal health services Marketing interventions ? % Cash transfer “”as the recurrence of droughts heightens and pastoralists gradually embrace the cash economy, pastoralists are increasingly availing their animals to markets” Ekuam, CEWARN-IGAD, ISS Productive infrastructures PP Pastoral policies ( IGAD -CPF)

7. Embedded in the Community Trained for detection Supported by Cost recovery system Donor/Agency support Global-Regional Commitment Sustainability never addressed No involvement of the private sector Huge drop-off 2000 trained OLS – FAO \ GREP 400-800 active Deployment scheme with higher level professional network established Spatial distribution rather than quantitative criteria Engagement of the private sector, veterinary drugs, pharmacies Extended knowledge toward production, market, IEWS and LEWS Rinderpest eradicated After At least 8 diseases to control Supervised by multi-disciplinary teams and be part of a multi- disciplinary team at cattle camp trough Cattle camp initiatives of: One health discipline (OH platform) and nutrition Education Indigenous early warning system (FEWSNET) Livestock early warning system (GL-CRSP*) Conflict early warning and monitor system (CEWARN-IGAD**) Support to cattle rustling prevention initiatives (IGAD-EAPCCO-ISS – Mifugo Project***) through LITS. Community awareness and monitoring (KAP) Agents in DRR and DRM Community based animal health workers CBAHWs, South Sudan

8. Programme Focus Bridging the gap between emergency relief and development assistance, Establish viable pastoralist and alternative livelihoods*, Enhancement of livelihoods options to reduce vulnerability and destitution in pastoral regions, Improving livestock production and marketing, Improving natural resource management, Strengthening civil governance and conflict mitigation, Promoting local, national, regional and international policies beneficial to pastoral areas

9. In considerations regarding alternative sources of income a distinction should be made between: alternative livelihoods strategies (e.g., exit), complementary livelihood strategies (e.g., charcoal production, handicrafts) and enhanced (livestock-centered) livelihood strategies (i.e. market integration, dairy products).