4. The Versailles Treaty

5. A Weak League of Nations

6. The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations y No control of major conflicts. y No progress in disarmament. y No effective military force.

7. “ Failures” of the LON Manchuria Rearming of Ger. Abyssinia Crisis Sp. Civil War Rhineland Axis Pact Anti-Comintern Anschluss Czech Crisis Sov-Nazi Non Aggression Pact

8. The “Stab-In-The-Back” Theory German soldiers are dissatisfied.

9. Decadence of the Weimar Republic

10. France – False Sense of Security? The Maginot Line

11. France – False Sense of Security?

12. International Agreements Locarno Pact – 1925 y France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy  Guarantee existing frontiers  Establish DMZ 30 miles deep on East bank of Rhine River  Refrain from aggression against each other Kellogg-Briand Pact – 1928 y Makes war illegal as a tool of diplomacy  No enforcement provisions

13. International Agreements World Disarmament Conf – 1932 Little Entente– 1921 Czech. + Yugo. + Rom. Stresa Front- 1935 Angelo-German Naval Agreement- 1935 Anti-Comintern Pact- 1936

14. The Great Depression

15. The Manchurian Crisis, 1931

16. Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

17. Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935 Emperor Haile Selassie

18. Germany Invades the Rhineland March 7, 1936

19. U. S. Neutrality Acts: 1934, 1935, 1937, 1939

20. America-First Committee Charles Lindbergh

21. Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936 The “Pact of Steel”

22. y Carlists [ultra-Catholic monarchists]. y Catholic Church. y Falange [fascist] Party. y Monarchists. y Anarcho-Syndicalists. y Basques. y Catalans. y Communists. y Marxists. y Republicans. y Socialists. The National Front [Nationalists] The National Front [Nationalists] The Popular Front [Republicans] The Popular Front [Republicans] The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939

24. The American “Lincoln Brigade”

25. The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939 Francisco Franco

26. The Spanish Civil War: A Dress Rehearsal for WW II? Italian troops in Madrid

27. “ Guernica” by Pablo Picasso

28. The Japanese Invasion of China (Nanking), 1937

29. The Austrian Anschluss, 1938

30. The “Problem” of the Sudetenland

31. Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain

32. Munich Conference 1938 – Mussolini hosted – Hitler, Chamberlain and Daladier – Mussolini presents plan (written by German Foreign office)

33. – Germany receives the Sudetenland – Sovereignty for rest of Czechoslovakia is guaranteed by the four nations – Czechs told if they resist they would receive no help from British or French

34. Appeasement – Avoiding war with aggressive powers by giving in to their demands (provided they were not too unreasonable) – Two distinct phases

35. –Phase 1 Mid 1920s to 1937 Vague feeling that war must be avoided at all costs Britain and France accept various acts of aggression and violations of Versailles

36. –Phase 2 1937 – 1939 When Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister he gives appeasement new life He hoped to find out what Hitler wanted and show him that reasonable claims can be gained by negotiation and not force

37. – Justification for Appeasement – It was thought essential to avoid war (Britain had a strongly pacifistic public) – Many felt Germany and Italy had justifiable grievances

38. Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939

39. March 1939 Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia –With heavy industry and fortifications lost Czechs were in chaos –Hitler pressures Czech president into asking for German help “to restore order”

40. What role did appeasement play in international affairs 1933-1939?

41. –Profound effect on way international relations developed –Many historians believe it convinced Hitler of complacency and weakness of Britain and France –Mainly a British policy, French are not always in agreement

42. Six samples of Appeasement at work –No action taken to check obvious German rearmament –The Anglo-German Naval Agreement –Half-hearted British action against the Italian invasion of Abyssinia

43. –The French did not mobilize their troops when the Germans remilitarized the Rhineland –Neither Britain nor France intervened in the Spanish Civil War –Britain and France strongly protested Anschluss but inaction encouraged Hitler to make demands on Czechoslovakia

44. Hitler wants to destroy Czechoslovakia as part of Lebensraum His excuse was that the Sudeten Germans were being discriminated against (3.5 million)

45. Poland –April 1939 Hitler demands the return of Danzig and the Polish Corridor –Not really an unrealistic demand but after Czechoslovakia no one believed this was all he wanted

46. The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939 Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & Molotov

47. Nazi-Soviet Non-Agression Pact (Molotov – von Ribbontrop Pact) Divide Poland between the two nations With Soviets neutral Hitler did not believe Britain or France would intervene

49. Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]

50. German Troops March into Warsaw

51. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, 1940 The Tripartite Pact